The purpose of the paper is an integrated transformation of heat supply systems in order to improve their reliability, manageability, efficiency and create comfortable conditions for consumers as well as formation of methodological principles of new modern heat supply systems construction and development of relevant computing tools for optimal planning of heat supply system development and operation. The study employs the methodology of multilevel structuring and decomposition, modern methods of mathematical modeling and optimization, models and methods of the theory of hydraulic circuits and control theory. The promising development directions of centralized and decentralized heat supply are identified. Energy efficient technologies of energy production based on cogeneration are considered. Recommendations on the reconstruction volumes and terms of currently operating and planned for the future heat power facilities arranged by the years for the period until 2023 are approved. Formation mechanisms of stable and favorable conditions of investment attraction are analyzed. We have obtained a comprehensive assessment of the situation with heat supply in the region that reflects the features and problems of the current state, which allowed to outline the rational ways of their elimination.

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the efficiency of using solar power plants operated in parallel with the electric grid for the companies and enterprises of the Republic of Khakassia which being charged for electricity at the unregulated rate. The study involves the visual analysis of input data graphs, statistical and computer modeling using PVSYST software. The electricity consumption and electricity rates of the objects under consideration are analyzed. The use of solar power plants operated in parallel with the existing electric grid is justified. The block diagram of the solar power plant and its connection method are chosen. Investments in facilities are determined. Power plant payback periods are calculated. The use of solar power plants operating in parallel with the grid has the greatest effect for the enterprises and companies being charged for electricity by unregulated rates of the first price category. The use of parallel solar power plants is advisable without power delivery to the centralized electrical grid due to the complexity of this connection and low purchase prices for electricity.

The purpose is to present the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the influence of the surface tension coefficient of slurry fuel on the mechanism of crushing droplets of different sizes. The experimental studies have been performed on a test bench - an aerodynamic simulator of the energy boiler furnace. The coal of 200·10^-6 m fraction or less was used to prepare the slurry fuel. Lignosulfonate in an amount of 1% of the coal weight was used as a plasticizer. The values of velocities and droplet sizes were determined experimentally. The characteristic ranges of droplet velocities in the flow at the rotor spray of 0-8 m/s; 8-35 m/s; 35 m/s or more were identified. The variation range of surface tension coefficient from 0.05 to 0.07 N/m was considered. The analysis was given to slurry fuel droplets with the dimensions from 50 to 500 microns. The processing of results did not take into account the formed aerosol particles with the size of 1 µm or less. The characteristic boundaries of the sections of some droplet crushing mechanisms were determined. The influence of the surface tension coefficient of the slurry fuel on the process of droplet destruction was theoretically confirmed. It was found out that the droplets of the size of 50-150 microns were most susceptible to vibration crushing. The droplets of the size of 450-500 microns were completely unaffected to vibration crushing during the rotor spray in the studied area of velocities. The expressions have been received allowing to estimate We criterion at the suspension pressure of 0.2 MPa and air pressure of 0.18 MPa. The presented results of experimental and theoretical studies are prognostic and can be used in mathematical and physical modeling of the process of suspension fuel spraying in power boiler furnaces with the purpose of assessing aerodynamic characteristics of designed and operating units.

The purpose of the work is to create an energy-saving device converting thermal energy into electrical energy. A review of technical solutions in the field under study showed the possibility of using thermoelectric conversion modules for electric energy generation for production needs. In the frameworks of the study, a laboratory installation was created and investigation tests of thermoelectric conversion modules were carried out. Experiments were conducted at different temperature gradients of heat-transmitting surfaces. A design of the thermo-electric converter unit consisting of 12 modules, a cooling radiator and a switching unit was developed. Pilot tests of the thermoelectric conversion unit have been conducted in the system of gas treatment facilities of the aluminum plant. The results obtained confirm that the device can provide sufficient power generation for artificial lighting of an industrial site. The authors propose a layout option of thermoelectric conversion units for the installation of gas ducts intended for hot gas or liquid transportation. The number of modules in the unit, their type and method of electrical connection can vary depending on the requirements of output energy parameters, gas duct overall dimensions, as well as operation and installation conditions. The research results can find application in energy, oil and gas, metallurgical and chemical industries.

The purpose of the study is to develop the models that take into account the dynamics of the object. Dynamic models provide more accurate prediction and control of the process as compared with classical automatic control systems. This study deals with the improvement of the control methods of the air-gas path of a boiler unit under steam production. The article considers the application of the well-known method of G. Box and G. Jenkins for steam production process identification. The subject of investigation is a boiler unit that is a very complex and interconnected system described as a dynamic stochastic object with uncontrolled perturbation influences. Using experimental and statistical methods a mathematical model has been obtained that allows the determination of the influence degree of the flue gas temperature in the furnace rotary chamber of the drum boiler on the flue gas flow. The conducted researches resulted in obtaining the models allowing to evaluate the effect of the temperature of the flue gases in the furnace rotary chamber on the left and right sides of the flue gas flow of the boiler unit.

The purpose of the work is to study the dynamic processes of cantilever rods with several degrees of freedom on the basis of an accurate analytical method of forces. On the basis of corresponding matrix operations the initial rod system with two dynamic degrees of freedom is reduced to a simplified system of equations with a single degree of freedom. This significantly reduces the volume and complexity of computational operations. A harmonic vibration load simulating the action of unbalanced rotating masses is taken as an external influence. The calculation of free oscillations on the basis of the theory of eigenvalues and vectors has allowed to obtain the expressions for circular frequencies of natural oscillations as well as to build the eigenforms of oscillations in the shape of “standing" waves. The calculation of constrained oscillations has resulted in receiving the numerical values of mass dynamic movements under different ratios of the circular frequencies of constrained and free oscillations. It has been found that the period of constrained oscillations decreases monotonically with the increase of the frequency ratio while the amplitudes of mass oscillations remain sufficiently stable. The analytical dependences proposed in this study will find wide application in solving rod system dynamic problems in mechanical and civil engineering, aircraft construction and shipbuilding.

The purpose of the article is development and analysis of design layouts of industrial electric furnaces of various capacities based on a standard size range of unified modular units. The paper considers the method of design layout of various versions of industrial electric furnaces intended for heat treatment of bulk materials. As a result of the work carried out on the basis of the previously developed standard size range of electric modular units the design layouts of electric industrial furnaces with a mechanical hearth platform have been obtained. The work takes into account the experimental data previously received in the study of the physical model of the furnace unit. When it is required to increase the performance the furnaces with longitudinal and vertical layouts can be mounted according to the flap layout with the application of modular units of the third size. The furnaces ensure the productive capacity of 13.5 m³/h at the specific energy intensity (by vermiculite) of 48...52 MJ/m³.

The purpose of the paper is justification of possible control of geometrical parameters of big size double curvature objects using an optical grid imposed by means of the projector and the analysis of the received image by means of a video camera and applied software. Various geometric shapes of the optical grid projected on the measured surface are studied. An algorithm of optical grid formation and superposition depending on the shape of the controlled surface is developed. The type of video camera for taking video images is studied. The mutual position of the project and the camera is investigated, the relationship between the position of the video camera and the projector is revealed and various geometric shapes of the optical grid are studied. The application of various geometrical shapes of the optical grid to control double curvature surfaces is substantiated. Optimal points for the installation of the project and the video camera to read the geometric parameters of the controlled surface are selected. Conducted experiments allowed to find out that rectangular grids are most suitable for the control of parts with a smoothly changing surface curvature, while the polyhedron grid is more suitable for the parts with the sharply changing curvature of the surface. It is also determined that the accuracy of surface geometric parameter control depends on the resolution of the video camera used and the relative position of the camera and the projector.

The purpose of the paper is to develop an experimental calculation methodology for determining cutting force components when milling hard-to-cut materials: VT23 titanium alloy, 40HN2MA structural alloyed steel and V95 high-strength aluminum alloy in different cutting conditions. An experimental evaluation of the cutting force components is carried out when milling with carbide inserts of different geometry in different technological conditions using industrial equipment, tools and tooling. The paper proposes a calculation methodology for experimental values approximation as exponential functions based on the determination of instantaneous values of the cut cross section depending on the angle of tool penetration. The presented methodology demonstrates good convergence with experimental data. Some features of cutting force dynamics when milling the materials under investigation have been revealed. For the case of 40HN2MA structural alloyed steel the presented methodology provides an accurate idea on the acting components of the cutting force. The effect of lagging attenuation of the cutting force components at the stage when the cutting edge leaves the cutting zone has been revealed for the titanium alloy. The nature of this effect may be a case of future study.

The purpose of the work is to develop methodological positions in the technologies of building mathematical models of mechanical oscillatory systems with additional ties implemented by various mechanisms. Consideration is given to the possible forms of structural and technical solutions in the problems of evaluation and control of dynamic states of technological and transport machines. Research methods are based on the use of the analytical apparatus of structural mathematical modeling and the theory of automatic control. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the detailed description of the influence of interpartial connections on the dynamic properties of the system as a whole. The method of constructing mathematical interaction models is developed on the basis of introduction and use of transfer functions of interpartial connections. The paper presents new scientific results reflecting the features of dynamic properties introduced by additional ties and the results of computer simulation. The work is of interest to the specialists in the field of mechanical engineering, dynamics and strength of machines. Analytical relations are obtained that determine the formation features of amplitude distribution of oscillations of "working bodies" points along their length.

The purpose of the paper is to determine the model of surface roughness dependence on tool setup balancing accuracy and technological parameters of end milling. The research is based on the scientific foundations of the technology of engineering and cutting materials, mathematical modeling and active experiment. Scientific data are obtained using the following devices: a contact profilometer Taylor Hobson Form Talysurf i200, a balancing machine Haimer TD2009 Comfort Plus, a dynamometric complex Kistler 9253B23, a hardware and software complex CutPro for modal analysis, a device for tool measurement outside the machine-tool Zoller Genius 3. A mathematical model has been developed that reflects the effect of cutting modes and the value of toolset residual imbalance on surface quality. The performed regression analysis and the analysis of the model residuals confirm the correctness of model work. The surfaces of machined surface roughness response from the residual imbalance are obtained. The following machining parameters are chosen to be the factors: imbalance of the tool setup, feed, milling depth and width. The influence degree of each factor taken into account in the work is determined. The calculated and experimental data indicating the low influence of tool setup balancing accuracy on machined surface roughness are revealed. The only case when a slight deterioration of the surface state is observed is when the tolerances for balancing quality are exceeded several times. However, the surface quality corresponds to the surface after finish milling even at the maximum values of the factor x₁.

The purpose of the paper is to study interpolator properties and parameters and analyze modeling methods of interpolators for the numerical control system of metal cutting machines and industrial robots. The method of evaluation function is considered and applied for the synthesis of numerical control system interpolators for metal cutting machines and industrial robots. The interpolator is designed for the implementation of trajectories of a working body of a machine-tool or industrial robots set in the control program of the numerical control system. When in operation, the interpolator uses input information that comes from the control program of the numerical control system. Solution of the problem included the development of the simulation algorithms of linear and circular interpolators of the numerical control system of machine-tools or industrial robots by the method of evaluation function. The variants of programs implementing interpolator mathematical models in the language of Matlab M-files are proposed on the basis of these algorithms. The simulation results of linear and circular interpolators of numerical control system of a machine-tool or industrial robots are presented. The efficiency of the developed models and operation algorithms of numerical control system interpolators of a machine-tool or industrial robots is shown. The article outlines the possibility for the detailed study of indicators of the interpolator and ways to improve the latter. Analysis of the simulation results of linear and circular interpolators leads to the conclusion that mathematical models of interpolators correctly reflect their properties.

The purpose of the paper is to determine the optimal control parameters of the process of removing sharp edges and shaping chamfers of the set size by means of an industrial robot on the parts after their machining on multi-purpose machine-tools with numerical control. The article discusses a method of setting controllable parameters (feed, spindle rotation frequency, gain factor and cutting force) by the complex optimization criterion, machining accuracy and quality parameter of the surface layer microrelief. The chamfer size and surface roughness Ra are chosen as the monitored parameters. The algorithm for choosing the control parameters of finishing processing of parts is presented. The authors have developed a technique to search for optimal solutions and software for the optimization system of part finishing treatment in a robotic system that allow to determine the optimal tuning parameters of edge processing: feed, spindle rotation frequency, gain factor and cutting force that ensure the implementation of the requirements of design and technological documentation at finishing treatment. The results obtained are of practical use and contribute to the reduction of manual finishing works.

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the machinability of die steels of five brands by the CBN grinding wheel CBN30 B107 100 0 VK27 of standard porosity by a minimum of altitude parameters , average pitch , maximum measured in the transverse direction (along the axis of the CBN-wheel), as well as by the lowest value of their scattering dispersions. Having observed the lack of dispersion homogeneity and distribution normality they are interpreted with the help of nonparametric statistics, the frequencies of which are medians and quartile latitudes. According to the location pitch roughness should be classified into three groups by the principle of their value increase: 1 - steels Cr12, Cr12Mo; 2 steel - C10A; 3 steels - Cr12V, CrWMn. Their growth is calculated within three categorical values. The process is characterized with highest stability when grinding die stamping parts made of steel Cr12Mo. Die steels should be selected with regard to their grindability and part purpose.

The purpose of this work is to improve the quality of surface and accuracy of holes and edges at machining of carbon fiber reinforced composite material by cutting conditions optimization. The robotic complex based on the KUKA KR210 R2700 EXTRA industrial robot was chosen as the main processing equipment. The object of the study is a carbon fiber plate of IMS 24K / PRISM EP 2400RS brand with the thickness of 16 mm. Drilling was performed with a CoroDrill 856-1-0635-05-A0 drill bit made by Sandvik Coromant with the diameter of 6.35 mm. This tool is a solid carbide drill with N20C diamond coating used for drilling high quality holes in composite materials. The milling operation was carried out using a 67-084 1/4 SC FGR milling cutter (Aramid) manufactured by Onsrud. The tool is a coating-free solid carbide cutter used for processing composite materials. The tests included the determination of cutting modes ensuring maximum performance, and the modes for maximum surface quality and accuracy of holes and edges. As part of the tests, the range of values of cutting conditions was chosen. It included the modes recommended by the tool manufacturer. At the end of the works, the roughness of holes and edges was measured using a Taylor Hobson Form Talysurf i200 contact profilometer. Hole diameters were controlled using the Carl Zeiss CONTURA G2 coordinate measuring machine. The dependences of the parameters of obtained roughness on the processing modes have been revealed. The graphs reflecting the variations of roughness and diameters depending on the cutting modes have been plotted as well as the graphs of cutting condition influence on edge surface roughness. Recommendations have been given on the application of composite material machining technologies on an industrial robot.

The purpose of the work is to propose a granulation technology for dust waste of metallurgical silicon production for its recycling in the process of ore-thermal reduction of silica. The technology includes the stages of magnetic separation, granulation and drying. Experimental works on iron oxide separation from cyclone dust were performed using a magnetic analyzer of the AMR type (Ukraine). Granulation was carried out using a drum granulator R-020 (Russia). The chemical composition was analyzed with the help of an optical emission spectrometer Varian 730-ES (USA). It has been determined that up to 37% of iron oxide is separated by the method of magnetic separation of silicon production cyclone dust. In the laboratory pelletization in a drum granulator the granules of 10-70 mm in size with the porosity of 40-45% were obtained. The carried out experiments have showed that there is a possibility in principle to use production wastes in the production technology of silicon of metallurgical grades as a pelletized additive to the main (lump) charge. Based on the results obtained, a line for granulating dust waste was proposed.

Automated monitoring of the technological process at the site of Søderberg cells should be organized in order to provide timely adjustment of process parameter variation. The problem is set of disposal of red mud - alumina production waste, which is annually accumulated and dumped in slurry storages. There is about 1.5 ton of this man-made material for every 1 ton of alumina produced. The use of a vision system that captures all possible changes in the state of the technological process seems the most promising. The second component is the use of red mud as a fluoride absorber, which replaces traditionally used expensive alumina in the "dry" gas cleaning system. When using a complex of surveillance cameras informing the automated process control system and ensuring its prompt respond (in the case of changes in the process state) the use of red mud as a HF absorber increases the average absorption capacity of fluorine by 15%. As an absorbing additive the pulp of red mud with the ratio of L:S=5:1 is fed into the scrubber system to the site of flue gas purification from harmful compounds. The high absorption capacity of red mud is due to the presence of various metal oxides in its composition. It is feasible to use a complex of technical vision to obtain information. It solves the following tasks: provides the automated process control system with complete data on the process; introduces the technological process without any changes in the schedule of routine maintenance but significantly decreases human factor influence; predicts the anode effect; estimates the state of burners and conditions of flue gas afterburning (presence of flame, burner clogging, flame colour, nature of flame); rapidly assesses pressurization. Red mud is recommended to apply as an absorbent material for fluorides. In general, this will provide a positive environmental and economic effect.

The purpose of the paper is using the method of mathematical (physico-chemical) modeling to study hydrometallurgical processing of spent carbon pot lining of dismantled cathodes from aluminum reduction cells; using the method of thermodynamic analysis, which is based on the built model of the influence of caustic soda solution concentration (NaOH - Na₂O_ку) and liquid and solid phases ratio to estimate fluorine extraction to solution. Mathematical modeling of fluorine leaching from spent pot lining samples is carried out on the basis of studying the physicochemical laws of the process using the «Selector» program complex based on the minimization of Gibbs energy and is widely used for metallurgical process study. The object of research is a sample of spent carbon pot lining of the aluminum reduction cell of RUSAL Krasnoyarsk OJSC. According to the X-ray phase analysis the fluorine-containing phases in the sample are cryolite Na₃AlF₆, chiolite Na₅Al₃F₁₄, calcium fluoride CaF₂, sodium fluoride NaF. Besides, Si, Fe, Mg, S, K, Ti are also found in the carbon-containing material under investigation. The behavior of the components of the spent carbon pot lining is evaluated in the process of alkaline processing under the action of the solution with Na₂O_ку concentration of 12.5, 17.5 and 25.0 g/dm³ using the formed mathematical model. According to the model the best indicators of fluorine extraction into the solution (72.9-90.57%) have been achieved at the reagent concentration of 12.5, 17.5 g/dm³ Na₂O_ку and the liquid to solid ratio of 10-12:1. The developed model allows to determine the amount of alkaline solution necessary for fluorine extraction and the optimal ratio of liquid and solid phases. The phase composition of cake and forms in which fluorine remains in solid residue (cake) are also determined.