The purpose of the paper is to present a treatment plant for hydraulic ash sluicing waters containing a system of flow-through inductors made in the form of a pipe with a coaxial cable, which are connected to an AC source and interconnected between each other by electricity using an end jumper. It is found out that today ash and slag from CHP boilers are hydraulically removed and stored in ash disposal areas. At the same time the slag ash pulp is supplied under pressure (created by bagger pumps) through the pipelines on the fixed distances, then it is clarified and poured into a reservoir from which it enters the nearest river or lake basin. Since the water clarified in the ash sump contains dissolved salts and bases, it represents itself an aggressive medium. This fact prevents it from direct transportation of ash and slag as bagel pumps fail quickly in the aggressive medium. It is proved that the engineering task (the solution of which involves the use of a treatment plant for hydraulic ash sluicing waters) consists in the high-performance treatment of CHP waste waters with induction currents in order to reduce their aggressiveness and recycling. The solution of the problem is in the fact that the water treatment plant includes a system of flow-through inductors, each of which is made in the form of a pipe with a co-axial cable.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the efficiency and throughput capacity of the jet-film contact device as well as its comparison with analogues by various criteria. Consideration is given to the cooling of circulating water in a contactless evaporative cooling tower using jet-film contact elements developed by the authors for the use at industrial enterprises of heat power engineering and other industries. For cooling the main flow, a "closed" circuit is used whereas a nozzle block is used to reduce the temperature of the rest of the liquid. The developed contact device is compared with domestic and world contact models. The process flow diagram of the cooling tower with a closed cooling circuit, which allows to reduce the use of chemical reagents is made. An original design of a jet-film contact device operating in a wide range of running speeds and featuring a large constantly renewing surface area of the phase contact is proposed. A comparative analysis of the developed design of the contact device with its analogues is carried out: the hydraulic resistance is determined depending on the average flow rate of gas. The technical characteristics of the nozzle block are given depending on device geometric dimensions. The F-factor (air velocity- its density root product) of the design is calculated when changing the irrigation density and the width of the drain cup. It is determined that the device operates in a wide range of loads, has a good throughput capacity and reaches high values of the F-factor. The developed design of the jet-film contact device provides an effective cooling of water, while the use of a closed circuit when cooling the main flow of recycled water significantly reduces the processing by chemical reagents.

The purpose of the paper is to develop a method of computer simulation of induced voltages generated by high-voltage power lines in the modes of open phase faults and asymmetric short circuits. The study uses the methods of determining electric power system modes in phase coordinates implemented in the software package Fazonord. Air lines for various purposes running along the routes of high-voltage AC power lines are subjected to electrical and magnetic influences. Therefore, dangerous voltages may appear on the disconnected lines when they are located remotely (100 m and more) from the influencing line. To determine the levels of the induced voltages the modes of 220 kV power lines located in parallel to the 10 kV line are simulated. Calculations of voltages induced on the adjacent line are performed for the following operation modes of a transmission line: symmetric open fault of the phases A, B and C, whereas A is with the simultaneous short circuit to earth of the single phase and two phase short circuits. Consideration of different grounding methods of the line subjected to the influence showed that under some conditions the levels of the induced voltages can exceed 11 kV. The proposed method of computer simulation of electric power system modes developed at the Irkutsk state Transport University allows to determine the conditions of electrical safety when working on power and communication lines located in the areas of electromagnetic effects. The procedure is versatile and allows determination of the induced voltages on the lines exposed to electromagnetic effects in different operating modes.

The purpose of the paper is to consider the proposals for the possible account of new properties of gas supply system in a mathematical model of the generalized problem of flow distribution as compared to the traditional formulation; to introduce an arc coefficient considering gas flow value alteration when passing through the arc, increment vector of arc flow rate and lower limits on gas flows in the arcs; to analyze new management conditions (optimization criteria of load flows and establishment of fictitious gas consumption prices allowing to take into account a high priority supply of a certain group of consumers). Network analysis methods are widely used in solving the problems of long-term planning and development of gas supply systems for mathematical modeling of optimal gas flows. The account of new trends of innovative transformation in mathematical models is caused by the modern development of gas supply systems, their renovation and modernization. To solve the problems of gas load flow in gas supply systems the network analysis methods based on the graph theory are used when dealing with the problems of gas supply system operation in various conditions. Based on the traditional problem of flow modeling a generalized solution of load flow is formulated taking into account the new properties of gas supply system. A mathematical formulation is given, its implementation is successively executed in the computational program. The gas flow calculation for the aggregate Unified gas supply system in 2030 is given as an example of the proposed approaches. This calculation takes into account the capacity increments of gas transmission system arcs and the coefficients showing a decrease in the volumes of gas supply for own needs and leakages. To solve the problems of load flows in the optimization of gas supply system development the following innovative improvements have been proposed: arc coefficients taking into account gas flow value alteration when passing through the arc are introduced; increment vectors of arc capacities and gas flow lower limits in the arcs are given, new economic conditions (flow load optimization criteria and fictitious prices on gas consumption) allowing to consider a high priority supply of a certain group of consumers are taken into account.

The purpose of the paper is to offer a method for reducing the temperature and condensation of the working fluid circulating in the power plant due to the fact that the Russian Federation is characterized by uneven provision of electricity and heat (the problem of energy shortage is most acute in the Far East and the Far North regions). The major shortcomings of the current centralized energy supply are great losses during energy delivery and transformation, as well as the possibility of de-energizing a large number of consumers in case of an accident at the сentral power plant. In this regard, the idea of decentralized energy production free from the named shortcomings due to its autonomy and proximity to the places of consumption is becoming increasingly relevant. One of the methods of decentralized generation of heat and electricity is the use of Rankine cycle-based low-capacity power plants with an organic working fluid. Their design includes a boiler heating the working fluid, a turbine driving the electric generator, condenser and a pump. To condense the coolant the organic Rankine cycle must be provided with heat dissipation to the environment. This paper deals with the method of lowering the temperature and condensation of the working fluid circulating in the power plant (by means of a horizontal pipeline plunged to a certain depth in the ground). It is assumed that available temperature potential of the soil provides complete condensation of the working fluid without excessive overcooling. The study of intensity of working fluid cooling and condensation in the pipeline is carried out using a homogeneous and ring flow model. The temperature fields and steam dryness degree are determined by two approaches: in the software package of finite element modeling ANSYS CFX and by the finite difference method (engineering calculation methods). The paper also presents the analysis of the results obtained in the course of solving the problem by means of the finite element analysis and engineering calculation by the finite difference method.

The purpose of this article is to study the thermodynamic efficiency of the real cycle of the internal combustion engine. There are various methods for calculating the values of the main thermodynamic parameters of the efficiency factor and average pressure in the nodal points. According to the known data, these results significantly differ from the real ones. The most rational assessment of engine performance is the one using the proven methods. Today there are enough assessment methods of internal combustion engine efficiency, the main ones are entropy and exergy methods. The object of research is the exergy method since it is more versatile. Consideration is given to a 4-stroke diesel engine V-84, which is widely used in military equipment. The ideal and real cycles of the internal combustion engine are calculated. Their input parameters are taken from tactical and technical characteristics of the engine V-84. The exergy method applied to estimate the efficiency of both cycles serves the basis for building entropy vs enthalpy graphs. The latter demonstrate that the maximum losses occur in the real cycle. The conducted calculations allowed to obtain the dependences of the object exergy (object efficiency) on the level of energy dissipation, enthalpy. A graph of exergy variations at cycle control points is obtained. It is proposed to carry on further studies where to assess the reduction of the object performance when in operation. This can be used in the development of the actual technical condition-based operation strategy. The study results are proposed to be used in the comparison of experimental data with reference ones. Moreover, it is possible to predict the changes in the performance level by a generalized criterion, which is the exergy of the working medium.

The purpose of the article is to present the developed model implemented in the Mathcad environment enabling to generate a stream of events simulating the operation of a real water heater. The characteristics of the operation modes of power system loads modeled by random variables and processes are analyzed. An experimental study of the operation of a 2 kW domestic water heater is carried out to obtain a probabilistic and statistical model of consumption of a separate load electric energy. The data of water heater operation modes are obtained by the device developed for measuring and recording of the intake power of a single-phase electric load up to 5 kW. The device used is implemented on the basis of the ATmega328 microcontroller and allows to measure and record the obtained values on a SD-card. The functional diagram of the developed device is described in the article. The experimental study lasting 30 days has resulted in obtaining a numerical sequence of events, which served the basis for model construction. Statistical analysis suggests that the distribution laws of sequence probabilities of on-duty state and pauses duration can be attributed to the exponential distribution. Based on this premise, a model implemented in Mathcad environment was created. On the basis of two generated sequences with exponential distribution with the specified parameters the event flow simulating water heater operation is generated. Finally, the paper refines the duration of modeling intervals. In particular, if modeling intervals are 24 hours and more, the model provides reliable results. However, modeling of small intervals (20 hours and less) requires to take into account the change in the heater operation mode depending on the time of day. As an example the estimates of the exponential distribution of parameters for day and night operation modes of the water heater are given.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the current state of the Unified Energy system of Russia in order to identify the deficits, surpluses and bottlenecks in the capacity of regional power systems as well as priority places of electricity consumption growth; to determine the technological capacity of an electric network in electrical energy transmission. To perform this analysis the authors formulate optimization models for the maximum surplus power in the Unified energy system of Russia as a whole and for individual regions of the country for the existing structure of generating capacities and the interregional electric network. Calculations are made for the conditions relevant to the key indicators of the Unified Energy System of Russia in 2016. It has been found out that the interregional electric network of the Unified Energy System of Russia successfully meets the power demands of all electric power systems of the country and almost everywhere has significant free transmission capacities of power lines.

The purpose of the work is carrying out complex optimization studies of the thermal power part of the nuclear unit, obtaining optimal thermodynamic, flow and design parameters with regard to energy efficiency. The study employs improved at Melentiev Energy Systems Institute software and computer systems for construction of mathematical models of various power plants, methods of mathematical modeling of heat power plants, optimization methods of their parameters. The design diagram of the thermal power part of nuclear units is developed. Based on the developed diagram the structure of new processes and elements is selected. The variability of the optimized methods, restrictions on thermodynamic and design parameters and optimization criteria are shown. The optimal design solutions for the elements, diagrams and marketability conditions of plants are obtained taking into account energy efficiency of nuclear power plant operation. The obtained mathematical model of the thermal power part of the nuclear unit with a pressurized water reactor PWR-1000 considering additional factors (variation of PWR thermal power) will enable future studies of optimum combinations of the parameters of the 1^st and 2^nd circuits of the power unit taking into account energy and economic efficiency of nuclear power plants.

The purpose of this article is to present the development results of a test site for testing algorithms of automatic secondary control of frequency and active power in the electric power system. The instrumental basis is formed by a hybrid real time simulator of electric power systems where the test electric power system circuit is implemented, while the model of the system of automatic secondary regulation of frequency and active power is implemented in the MATLAB software package using the Simulink Desktop Real-Time library. Software in the C# programming language is developed for the testing ground in order to organize the data exchange between the modeling complex and MATLAB/Simulink. To test the ground the authors have prepared and carried out the experiments on reproduction of frequency and active power regulation processes that occur in case of disturbances in the electric power system, in particular, the increase in power consumption which leads to the imbalance of active power when using different types of automatic regulators of the automatic secondary frequency and power regulation system. In experiments, the primary power imbalance created decreases frequency that does not actuate automatic emergency response system. In the process of frequency control generators and elements of the electrical network are loaded in different ways depending on the types and settings of the regulators used. Therefore, the regulators can be adjusted in accordance with the research results to ensure compliance with the standards applicable in the territory of the Russian Federation. The obtained results reflect the correctness of the testing ground operation and the possibility of its use to solve the problems of modernization and testing of algorithms for automatic secondary control of frequency and power flows.

The purpose of the article is development of a static finite element model for a face wave kinematic reducer using the finite element analysis software system ANSYS. This model built using the Solidworks software will predict the distribution of stresses and displacements of the reducing gear under investigation. Creation of the model involves the use of three-dimensional finite elements such as solid cylinders and contact surface elements for simulating the engagement between gear teeth. Due to the complexity, the teeth were not modeled. In this case, the contact of the teeth is adopted as the contact of the gear surface. It is complicated to calculate stresses in gear engagements due to the engagement geometry and application of a large number of correction factors. This leads to inaccurate results that differ from the actual values. One of the best ways to improve the precision characteristics of gearing is computer simulation. Thus, according to the calculation results of the stress-strain state a method for checking calculation of the contact and bending strength of the studied reducing gear is proposed.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the kinematics of the working tool in order to create new technological processes of surface plastic deformation. The article is based on the research results of the degrees of freedom of a working tool under the surface plastic deformation of machine parts. The study of degrees of freedom of the working tool allowed to reveal new motions not used earlier at hardening processing. This served the basis for the creation of new process diagrams and new processes of surface plastic deformation including oscillating smoothing, transverse burnishing by smooth plates, change of the working tool rotation axis, centrifugal rolling of cylindrical surfaces. The performed analysis of the degrees of freedom of the working tool allowed to use new motions and create modern technological processes of finishing and hardening processing by surface plastic deformation.

The purpose of the paper is to develop a mathematical model of removed material amount formation when flap wheel grinding of the surface subjected to shot blasting that provides a stable quality of the surface in terms of the roughness parameter. Shot peening is widely used when forming long panels and skins. Shot peening results in the formation of a specific microgeometry of the treated surface, whose feature is numerous shot indents of various diameters and depths. The presence of these indents leads to the increase in surface roughness parameters. Therefore, after shot peening it is mandatory to perform surface grinding by a flap wheel for partial removal of indents - the results of shot peening which are much larger than microroughness dents. The value of the assigned allowance for grinding depends on the requirements for the part surface quality. As a result of grinding, a new microrelief is formed on the treated surface in the form of a combination of impact traces of flap wheel abrasive grains and the remained indents of shot blasting. However, the value of the depth of remained shot dents even after grinding is much larger than the values of surface roughness dents formed as a result of the impact of flap wheel grains. Since the indents have a spherical shape with the curvature radius much larger than their depths they have a special effect on the amount of removed metal with the allowance growth. The paper gives an analytical description of material removal from the shot peened surface when grinding with a flap wheel on the basis of the analysis of surface microgeometry.

The purpose of the paper is substantiation of the equal distribution of the sealing compound inside the hole in the stack of composite parts during the installation of basic fasteners within 20-72 hours from the preparation moment of the interfay sealant PR1782C12-M when the assembly is performed on the uncured interfay sealant without finish drilling of holes. A wing as a typical aircraft structure element, which is represented by a stack of two flat panels made of polymer composite materials, is chosen for the technological development of quality assessment of fastener installation on the interfay sealant. The carried out tests include an organoleptic assessment of the PR1782C12-M sealant condition (polymerization degree), its presence in the holes and on the stack end surfaces, and the sealant applied to the fasteners. The experiment also involves the assessment of the sealant condition and presence of the tack layer on the grip in the period of time from 20 to 72 hours from the moment of sealant preparation. The recommended process for sealant application to fasteners under assembly on the uncured sealant without finish drilling of holes is defined.

The purpose of the work is to study the casting characteristics of a Fe-Cr-Ni-based alloy with improved heat-resistant properties for the production of a kiln roller part. The furnace equipment widely used in the metallurgical, petrochemical, machine-building and other branches of industry is made of heat-resistant steels. It is determined by the operation conditions: high temperature, significant loads, and duration of operation. Development of metallurgical technologies toughens working conditions and requires the properties of heat-resistant materials used for the manufacture of parts of metallurgical equipment to be improved. For this purpose, the influence of pouring temperature on the ingot porosity, alloy fluidity and the technological parameters of casting by gasified model casting have been determined. The composition of the heat-resistant alloy based on the Fe-Cr-Ni-alloying system is proposed. The fluidity of the experimental alloy is studied. It has been found that the fluidity of the experimental sample of steel at the pouring temperature of 1720 °C is 5-10% higher than the fluidity of steel 20Kh25N20S2. The conducted analysis of the programs has shown that the pouring temperature of 1720 °C is optimal in terms of pore distribution. The gating system for casting the part “kiln roller” is calculated. The proposed technology of furnace equipment casting manufacturing from an experimental heat-resistant alloy by gasified models casting allows to obtain high-quality castings that meet the requirements of operation at high temperatures and long-term loads.

The purpose is to determine the development level and current status of aluminum wetted cathode technology; to promote the development and design of new generation of aluminum electrolyzers with horizontal and vertical inert electrodes; to review the achievements of research centers around the world in the development of inert cathode technology. It is revealed that experts associate the improvement of existing structures and design of a new generation of electrolyzers with the development of new materials. Since 1950s the concept of an aluminum wetted cathode surface with increased resistance to aggressive environment has been developed. The aluminum wetted material for cathode lining should have satisfactory strength and resistance to cracking, electrolyte reagents, aluminum and an oxidizing medium. Of the large number of materials and products for drained cathodes tested over 65 years, the research has been focused on titanium diboride materials in the form of cathode elements (tiles, cylinders) or adhesive pastes/composites on the surface of the coal bed. Unfortunately, these products and coatings still do not have wide industrial application. The main reason and limiting factor of commercial turnover is the high cost of powders and compact products, which results from the extreme properties of titanium diboride and the need to use complex equipment for synthesis and pressing of cathodes of a given shape.

The purpose of the paper is to study the chemical composition of cathode deposits obtained at gold-bearing ore processing by the cyanide-sorption technology; to conduct experimental studies of the sulfuric acid leaching of copper and lead from gold-bearing cathode deposits; to consider the effect of sulfuric acid concentration on the transition degree of copper and lead into solution. Mathematical processing of experimental data is performed by the correlation method. Chemical composition of the cathode deposits is studied by the atomic absorption analysis and X-ray spectral microanalysis. Having studied the chemical composition of the cathode deposits the main impurities influencing their further refining is identified. They are copper and lead, which should be removed before the following production of base gold bullion. The results of the experimental studies on sulfuric acid treatment of cathode deposits are as follows: the transition degree of copper into solution is 45.98%, lead - 3.65%, the optimal concentration of sulfuric acid is 165.4 kg/m³. The results of sulfuric acid leaching of impurities from the cathode deposits appears to be of low efficiency as lead can not be extracted into the solution due to the passivation of its surface with PbSO₄ film. The mathematical processing of experimental data by the correlation analysis has showed that the concentration of sulfuric acid affects the degree of copper and lead transition into the solution.

The purpose of this article is giving the rationale for preliminary thermal activation under alumina production from low-quality bauxites via a comparative analysis of liquid and solid phases of desiliconization of initial and calcined bauxite. The following methods are used: thermal activation of the product through firing of initial bauxite at the temperature of 1000 ºC, its desiliconization by alkaline solutions of 150 g/dm³ of Na₂O_к where the liquid-to solid ratio is 10:1, production of the concentrate suitable for refining by the Bayer method. The chemical analysis of solid phase is determined by the x-ray fluorescence method using XRF-1800 spectrometer ("Shimadzu", Japan). The content of SiO₂ in the liquid phase is determined using PE-5400UF spectrophotometer. Phase separation is intensified by means of a centrifuge. The solid phase in the sample cell (after liquid phase sampling) is washed by decantation, dried and analyzed. Graphs are built that describe the dependence of silica extraction degree on desiliconization time for different temperatures. Graphic dependences also take into consideration the use of raw material thermoactivation, show the variations of the process rate depending on the desiliconization temperature, reflect the changes in the apparent activation energy of desiliconization depending on the degree of silica extraction in solution. Conclusions are drawn on the expediency of firing for increasing the silica extraction degree and obtaining a higher value of the silicon modulus of bauxite concentrate. The feasibility of thermal activation in processing of high-silicon bauxites is proved as it allows to increase the degree of silica extraction from calcined bauxite into an alkaline solution as well as to intensify the desiliconization process. Based on the variations of the apparent activation energy for different temperature intervals and SiO₂ extraction degree for thermoactivated and initial bauxite an attempt is made to reveal the mechanism and chemical nature of the desiliconization process.