<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ipolytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">iPolytech Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>iPolytech Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-4004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-6341</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Irkutsk National Research Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21285/1814-3520-2024-4-534-549</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">GGTPIU</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ipolytech-883</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭНЕРГЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POWER ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Зелёные энергетические системы для электромобилей с учётом телекоммуникационной системы на примере Пакистана</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Green energy systems for powering electric vehicles considering telecommunication system with case study of Pakistan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-8519</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Билал Али</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bilal Ali</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Билал Али Мухаммед, к.м.н., научный сотрудник Американо-Пакистанского центра перспективных исследований в области энергетики</p><p>44000, г. Исламабад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Muhammad Bilal Ali, Cand. Sci. (Med.), PhD scholar in Electrical Engineering (Power) Scholar, U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy</p><p>Islamabad 44000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">muhammadbilalali082@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аббас Казми</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abbas Kazmi</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аббас Казми Сайед Али, доцент Американо-Пакистанского центра перспективных исследований в области энергетики</p><p>44000, г. Исламабад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi, Associate Professor, U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy</p><p>Islamabad 44000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">saakazmi@uspcase.nust.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный университет наук и технологий</institution><country>Пакистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Sciences and Technology</institution><country>Pakistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>534</fpage><lpage>549</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Билал Али М., Аббас Казми С.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Билал Али М., Аббас Казми С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bilal Ali M., Abbas Kazmi S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/883">https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/883</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – анализ устойчивости и эффективности телекоммуникационного сектора Пакистана путем разработки структуры для базовых приемопередающих станций, объединяющих возобновляемые источники энергии и зарядные станции. В качестве объекта исследований рассматривались различные возобновляемые источники энергии, такие как солнце, ветер, биомасса и гидроэнергия. В работе реализованы следующие методологические этапы: анализ местности; определение оптимальных размеров установок, систем накопителей энергии и станций зарядки электромобилей; методы анализа затрат и выгод; оценка выбросов парниковых газов; методы проектирования системы для интеграции выбранных возобновляемых источников энергии и решений по хранению энергии с учетом эксплуатационных требований базовых приемопередающих станций. Установлено, что переход на гибридные системы возобновляемой энергии может значительно снизить зависимость от дизельных генераторов. Показано, что эксплуатационные расходы могут быть снижены более чем на 80% по сравнению с традиционными системами, работающими на дизельном топливе. Также внедрение гибридных возобновляемых источников энергии может привести к значительному сокращению выбросов CO2. Показано, что интеграция систем хранения аккумуляторов повышает надежность энергоснабжения, обеспечивая бесперебойную работу в периоды высокого спроса и отключения электроэнергии. Предложенная схема структуры для базовых приемопередающих станций разработана с учетом будущего роста доли электротранспорта и технологических достижений в области возобновляемых источников энергии и зарядки электромобилей. Отдавая предпочтение интеграции возобновляемых технологий наряду с инфраструктурой зарядных станций, поставщики телекоммуникационных услуг в Пакистане могут сократить углеродный след и эксплуатационные расходы. Такой подход не только решает проблемы, связанные с непредсказуемостью электросетей, особенно в сельских регионах, но и позиционирует телекоммуникационный сектор как активного участника глобальных усилий по борьбе с изменением климата.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The objective is to analyze the sustainability and efficiency of Pakistan’s telecommunication sector by developing a framework for base transceiver stations integrating renewable energy and charging stations. Various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass and hydropower were considered as the object of research. The following methodological steps were implemented in this work: site analysis; determination of optimal sizing of plants, energy storage systems and electric vehicle charging stations; cost-benefit analysis methods; greenhouse gas emissions estimation; and system design methods for integrating selected renewable energy sources and energy storage solutions, taking into account the operational requirements of the base transceiver stations. It is found that switching to hybrid renewable energy systems can significantly reduce dependence on diesel generators. It is shown that operating costs can be reduced by more than 80% compared to conventional diesel-fueled systems. Also, the introduction of hybrid renewable energy sources can lead to significant reductions in CO2 emissions. The integration of battery storage systems has been shown to improve the reliability of energy supply by ensuring uninterrupted operation during periods of high demand and blackouts. The proposed structure scheme for base transceiver stations is designed to accommodate future growth in the share of electric vehicles and technological advancements in renewable energy and electric vehicle charging. By prioritizing the integration of renewable technologies along with charging station infrastructure, telecom service providers in Pakistan can reduce their carbon footprint and operational costs. This approach not only addresses the unpredictability of the electricity grid, especially in rural areas, but also positions the telecoms sector as an active participant in global efforts to combat climate change.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зарядные станции электромобилей</kwd><kwd>базовые приемопередатчики</kwd><kwd>накопители энергии</kwd><kwd>технико-экономическая и экологическая оценка</kwd><kwd>возобновляемые источники энергии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electric vehicle charging stations</kwd><kwd>base transceiver stations</kwd><kwd>battery storage system</kwd><kwd>technical</kwd><kwd>economic and environmental assessment</kwd><kwd>renewable framework</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdulmula A.M.O., Sopian K.B., Kazlizan А., Lim Chin Haw. Performance evaluation of standalone double axis solar tracking system with maximum light detection MLD for telecommunication towers in Malaysia. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems. 2019;10(1):444-453. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10n1.pp444-453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulmula A.M.O., Sopian K.B., Kazlizan А., Lim Chin Haw. Performance evaluation of standalone double axis solar tracking system with maximum light detection MLD for telecommunication towers in Malaysia. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems. 2019;10(1):444-453. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10n1.pp444-453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amutha W.M., Andrew Н.C., Shajie A.D., Paulraj J.P.I. Renewable power interface based rural telecom. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System. 2019.10(2):917-927. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp917-927.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amutha W.M., Andrew Н.C., Shajie A.D., Paulraj J.P.I. Renewable power interface based rural telecom. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System. 2019.10(2):917-927. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp917-927.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oviroh P.O., Jen Tien-Chien. The energy cost analysis of hybrid systems and diesel generators in powering selected base transceiver station locations in Nigeria. Energies. 2018;11(3):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oviroh P.O., Jen Tien-Chien. The energy cost analysis of hybrid systems and diesel generators in powering selected base transceiver station locations in Nigeria. Energies. 2018;11(3):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zebra E.I.C., Windt H.J., Nhumaio G., Faaij A.P.C. A review of hybrid renewable energy systems in mini-grids for off-grid electrification in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021;144:111036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zebra E.I.C., Windt H.J., Nhumaio G., Faaij A.P.C. A review of hybrid renewable energy systems in mini-grids for off-grid electrification in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021;144:111036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semaoui S., Arab A.H., Bacha S., Azoui B. The new strategy of energy management for a photovoltaic system without extra intended for remote-housing. Solar energy. 2013;94:71-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.04.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semaoui S., Arab A.H., Bacha S., Azoui B. The new strategy of energy management for a photovoltaic system without extra intended for remote-housing. Solar energy. 2013;94:71-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.04.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robitaille M., Agbossou K., Doumbia M.L. Modeling of an islanding protection method for a hybrid renewable distributed generator. In: Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.2005.1557259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robitaille M., Agbossou K., Doumbia M.L. Modeling of an islanding protection method for a hybrid renewable distributed generator. In: Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.2005.1557259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahoo U., Kumar R., Singh S.K., Tripathi A.K. Energy, exergy, economic analysis and optimization of polygeneration hybrid solar-biomass system. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018;145:685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.093.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahoo U., Kumar R., Singh S.K., Tripathi A.K. Energy, exergy, economic analysis and optimization of polygeneration hybrid solar-biomass system. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018;145:685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.093.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koohi-Kamali S., Rahim N.A. Coordinated control of smart microgrid during and after islanding operation to prevent under frequency load shedding using energy storage system. Energy conversion and management. 2016;127:623- 646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koohi-Kamali S., Rahim N.A. Coordinated control of smart microgrid during and after islanding operation to prevent under frequency load shedding using energy storage system. Energy conversion and management. 2016;127:623- 646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raveendhra D., Poojitha R., Narasimharaju B.L., Domyshev A., Dreglea A., Dao Minh Hien, et al. Part II: Stateof-the-art technologies of solar-powered DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage systems: converter topologies. Energies. 2023;16(17):6194. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raveendhra D., Poojitha R., Narasimharaju B.L., Domyshev A., Dreglea A., Dao Minh Hien, et al. Part II: Stateof-the-art technologies of solar-powered DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage systems: converter topologies. Energies. 2023;16(17):6194. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shezan S.A., Ishraque M.F., Muyeen S.M., Arifuzzaman S.M., Paul L.C., Das S.K., et al. Effective dispatch strategies assortment according to the effect of the operation for an islanded hybrid microgrid. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2022;14:100192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shezan S.A., Ishraque M.F., Muyeen S.M., Arifuzzaman S.M., Paul L.C., Das S.K., et al. Effective dispatch strategies assortment according to the effect of the operation for an islanded hybrid microgrid. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2022;14:100192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuetche C.F.M., Tsuanyo D., Fopah-Lele A. Analysis of hybrid energy systems for telecommunications equipment: a case study in Buea Cameroon. In: Renewable Energy and digital technologies for the development of Africa: E3S Web of Conferences. 2022;354:02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235402007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuetche C.F.M., Tsuanyo D., Fopah-Lele A. Analysis of hybrid energy systems for telecommunications equipment: a case study in Buea Cameroon. In: Renewable Energy and digital technologies for the development of Africa: E3S Web of Conferences. 2022;354:02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235402007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naderipour A., Ramtin A.R., Abdullah A., Marzbali M.H., Nowdeh S.A., Kamyab H. Hybrid energy system optimization with battery storage for remote area application considering loss of energy probability and economic analysis. Energy. 2022;239(D):122303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naderipour A., Ramtin A.R., Abdullah A., Marzbali M.H., Nowdeh S.A., Kamyab H. Hybrid energy system optimization with battery storage for remote area application considering loss of energy probability and economic analysis. Energy. 2022;239(D):122303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kushwaha P.K., Bhattacharjee C. Integrated techno-economic-enviro-socio design of the hybrid renewable energy system with suitable dispatch strategy for domestic and telecommunication load across India. Journal of Energy Storage. 2022;55(А):105340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kushwaha P.K., Bhattacharjee C. Integrated techno-economic-enviro-socio design of the hybrid renewable energy system with suitable dispatch strategy for domestic and telecommunication load across India. Journal of Energy Storage. 2022;55(А):105340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okundamiya M.S., Wara S.T., Obakhena H.I. Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a mixed power system for sustainable operation of cellular sites in 5G era. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022;47(39):17351- 17366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okundamiya M.S., Wara S.T., Obakhena H.I. Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a mixed power system for sustainable operation of cellular sites in 5G era. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022;47(39):17351- 17366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Memon S.A., Upadhyay D.S., Patel R.N. Optimal configuration of solar and wind-based hybrid renewable energy system with and without energy storage including environmental and social criteria: а case study. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021;44:103446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Memon S.A., Upadhyay D.S., Patel R.N. Optimal configuration of solar and wind-based hybrid renewable energy system with and without energy storage including environmental and social criteria: а case study. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021;44:103446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan F.A., Pal N., Saeed S.H. Optimization and sizing of SPV/wind hybrid renewable energy system: a techno-economic and social perspective. Energy. 2021;233:121114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan F.A., Pal N., Saeed S.H. Optimization and sizing of SPV/wind hybrid renewable energy system: a techno-economic and social perspective. Energy. 2021;233:121114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali F., Ahmar M., Jiang Yuexiang, AlAhmad M. A techno-economic assessment of hybrid energy systems in rural Pakistan. Energy. 2021;215(А):119103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali F., Ahmar M., Jiang Yuexiang, AlAhmad M. A techno-economic assessment of hybrid energy systems in rural Pakistan. Energy. 2021;215(А):119103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das B.K., Alotaibi M.A., Das P., Islam M.S., Das S.K., Hossain M.A. Feasibility and techno-economic analysis of stand-alone and grid-connected PV/wind/diesel/batt hybrid energy system: а case study. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2021;37:100673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100673.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das B.K., Alotaibi M.A., Das P., Islam M.S., Das S.K., Hossain M.A. Feasibility and techno-economic analysis of stand-alone and grid-connected PV/wind/diesel/batt hybrid energy system: а case study. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2021;37:100673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100673.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A., Verma A. Optimal techno-economic sizing of a solar-biomass-battery hybrid system for off-setting dependency on diesel generators for microgrid facilities. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021;36:102251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A., Verma A. Optimal techno-economic sizing of a solar-biomass-battery hybrid system for off-setting dependency on diesel generators for microgrid facilities. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021;36:102251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amara S., Toumi S., Salah C.B., Saidi A.S. Improvement of techno-economic optimal sizing of a hybrid off-grid micro-grid system. Energy. 2021;233:121166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amara S., Toumi S., Salah C.B., Saidi A.S. Improvement of techno-economic optimal sizing of a hybrid off-grid micro-grid system. Energy. 2021;233:121166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshammari N., Asumadu J. Optimum unit sizing of hybrid renewable energy system utilizing harmony search, Jaya and particle swarm optimization algorithms. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020;60:102255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshammari N., Asumadu J. Optimum unit sizing of hybrid renewable energy system utilizing harmony search, Jaya and particle swarm optimization algorithms. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020;60:102255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diab A.A.Z., Sultan H.M., Kuznetsov O.N. Optimal sizing of hybrid solar/wind/hydroelectric pumped storage energy system in Egypt based on different meta-heuristic techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020;27(26):32318-32340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06566-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diab A.A.Z., Sultan H.M., Kuznetsov O.N. Optimal sizing of hybrid solar/wind/hydroelectric pumped storage energy system in Egypt based on different meta-heuristic techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020;27(26):32318-32340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06566-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramesh M., Saini R.P. Dispatch strategies based performance analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system for a remote rural area in India. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;259:120697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120697.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramesh M., Saini R.P. Dispatch strategies based performance analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system for a remote rural area in India. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;259:120697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120697.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Chong, Zhou Dequn, Wang Hui, Lu Yuzheng, Li Dongdong. Techno-economic performance study of standalone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China. Energy. 2020;192:116702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Chong, Zhou Dequn, Wang Hui, Lu Yuzheng, Li Dongdong. Techno-economic performance study of standalone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China. Energy. 2020;192:116702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veilleux G., Potisat T., Pezim D., Ribback С. Techno-economic analysis of microgrid projects for rural electrification: а systematic approach to the redesign of Koh Jik off-grid case study. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2020;54:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.09.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veilleux G., Potisat T., Pezim D., Ribback С. Techno-economic analysis of microgrid projects for rural electrification: а systematic approach to the redesign of Koh Jik off-grid case study. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2020;54:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.09.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aziz A.S., Tajuddin M.F.N., Adzman M.R., Mohammed M.F., Ramli M.A.M. Feasibility analysis of grid-connected and islanded operation of a solar PV microgrid system: а case study of Iraq. Energy. 2020;191:116591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aziz A.S., Tajuddin M.F.N., Adzman M.R., Mohammed M.F., Ramli M.A.M. Feasibility analysis of grid-connected and islanded operation of a solar PV microgrid system: а case study of Iraq. Energy. 2020;191:116591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayer M.J., Szilágyi A., Gróf G. Environmental and economic multi-objective optimization of a household level hybrid renewable energy system by genetic algorithm. Applied Energy. 2020;269:115058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayer M.J., Szilágyi A., Gróf G. Environmental and economic multi-objective optimization of a household level hybrid renewable energy system by genetic algorithm. Applied Energy. 2020;269:115058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odou O.D.T., Bhandari R., Adamou R. Hybrid off-grid renewable power system for sustainable rural electrification in Benin. Renewable Energy. 2020;145:1266-1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odou O.D.T., Bhandari R., Adamou R. Hybrid off-grid renewable power system for sustainable rural electrification in Benin. Renewable Energy. 2020;145:1266-1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar J., Suryakiran B.V., Verma A., Bhatti T.S. Analysis of techno-economic viability with demand response strategy of a grid-connected microgrid model for enhanced rural electrification in Uttar Pradesh state, India. Energy. 2019;178:176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar J., Suryakiran B.V., Verma A., Bhatti T.S. Analysis of techno-economic viability with demand response strategy of a grid-connected microgrid model for enhanced rural electrification in Uttar Pradesh state, India. Energy. 2019;178:176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Min-Hwi, Kim Deukwon, Heo Jaehyeok, Lee Dong-Won. Techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable energy system with solar district heating for net zero energy community. Energy. 2019;187:115916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Min-Hwi, Kim Deukwon, Heo Jaehyeok, Lee Dong-Won. Techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable energy system with solar district heating for net zero energy community. Energy. 2019;187:115916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baseer M., Alqahtani A., Rehman S. Techno-economic design and evaluation of hybrid energy systems for residential communities: сase study of Jubail industrial city. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;237:117806. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baseer M., Alqahtani A., Rehman S. Techno-economic design and evaluation of hybrid energy systems for residential communities: сase study of Jubail industrial city. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;237:117806. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Javed M.S., Song Aotian, Ma Tao. Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm. Energy. 2019;176:704-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Javed M.S., Song Aotian, Ma Tao. Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm. Energy. 2019;176:704-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sawle Y., Gupta S.С., Bohre A.K. Socio-techno-economic design of hybrid renewable energy system using optimization techniques. Renewable Energy. 2018;119:459-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sawle Y., Gupta S.С., Bohre A.K. Socio-techno-economic design of hybrid renewable energy system using optimization techniques. Renewable Energy. 2018;119:459-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmad J., Imran M., Khalid A., Iqbal W., Ashraf S.R., Adnan M., et al. Techno economic analysis of a wind-photovoltaic-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification: а case study of Kallar Kahar. Energy. 2018;148:208-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmad J., Imran M., Khalid A., Iqbal W., Ashraf S.R., Adnan M., et al. Techno economic analysis of a wind-photovoltaic-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification: а case study of Kallar Kahar. Energy. 2018;148:208-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duman A.C., Güler Ö. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid system combinations with a comparison of regularly and seasonally occupied households. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2018;42:107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duman A.C., Güler Ö. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid system combinations with a comparison of regularly and seasonally occupied households. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2018;42:107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alharthi, Ya.Z., Siddiki M.K., Chaudhry G.M. Resource assessment and techno-economic analysis of a grid-connected solar PV-wind hybrid system for different locations in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2018;10(10):3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103690.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alharthi, Ya.Z., Siddiki M.K., Chaudhry G.M. Resource assessment and techno-economic analysis of a grid-connected solar PV-wind hybrid system for different locations in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2018;10(10):3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103690.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das B.K., Zaman F. Performance analysis of a PV/Diesel hybrid system for a remote area in Bangladesh: Effects of dispatch strategies, batteries, and generator selection. Energy. 2019;169:263-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das B.K., Zaman F. Performance analysis of a PV/Diesel hybrid system for a remote area in Bangladesh: Effects of dispatch strategies, batteries, and generator selection. Energy. 2019;169:263-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A., Singh A.R., Deng Yan, He Xiangning, Kumar Praveen, Bansal R.C. A novel methodological framework for the design of sustainable rural microgrid for developing nations. Ieee Access. 2018;6:24925-24951. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2832460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A., Singh A.R., Deng Yan, He Xiangning, Kumar Praveen, Bansal R.C. A novel methodological framework for the design of sustainable rural microgrid for developing nations. Ieee Access. 2018;6:24925-24951. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2832460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park E. Potentiality of renewable resources: economic feasibility perspectives in South Korea. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;79:61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park E. Potentiality of renewable resources: economic feasibility perspectives in South Korea. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;79:61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yilmaz S., Dincer F. Optimal design of hybrid PV-diesel-battery systems for isolated lands: а case study for Kilis, Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;77:344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yilmaz S., Dincer F. Optimal design of hybrid PV-diesel-battery systems for isolated lands: а case study for Kilis, Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;77:344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Sharafi A., Sahin A.Z., Ayar T., Yilbas B.S. Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;69:33-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Sharafi A., Sahin A.Z., Ayar T., Yilbas B.S. Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;69:33-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahzad M.K., Zahid A., Rashid T.U., Rehan M.A., Ali M., Ahmad M. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar-biomass off grid system for the electrification of remote rural areas in Pakistan using HOMER software. Renewable Energy. 2017;106:264-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahzad M.K., Zahid A., Rashid T.U., Rehan M.A., Ali M., Ahmad M. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar-biomass off grid system for the electrification of remote rural areas in Pakistan using HOMER software. Renewable Energy. 2017;106:264-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaiswal A. Lithium-ion battery based renewable energy solution for off-grid electricity: a techno-economic analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;72:922-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.049.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaiswal A. Lithium-ion battery based renewable energy solution for off-grid electricity: a techno-economic analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;72:922-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.049.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azimoh C.L., Klintenberg P., Mbohwa C., Wallin F. Replicability and scalability of mini-grid solution to rural electrification programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable Energy. 2017;106:222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azimoh C.L., Klintenberg P., Mbohwa C., Wallin F. Replicability and scalability of mini-grid solution to rural electrification programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable Energy. 2017;106:222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das H.S., Tan Chee Wei, Yatim A.H.M., Lau Kwan Yiew. Feasibility analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system for an indigenous residence in East Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;76:1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das H.S., Tan Chee Wei, Yatim A.H.M., Lau Kwan Yiew. Feasibility analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system for an indigenous residence in East Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;76:1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vides-Prado A., Camargo E.O., Vides-Prado C., Orozco I.H., Chenlo F., Candelo J.E. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of photovoltaic systems in remote areas for indigenous communities in the Colombian Guajira. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018;82(3):4245-4255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vides-Prado A., Camargo E.O., Vides-Prado C., Orozco I.H., Chenlo F., Candelo J.E. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of photovoltaic systems in remote areas for indigenous communities in the Colombian Guajira. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018;82(3):4245-4255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajlan A., Tan Chee Wei, Abdilahi A.M. Assessment of environmental and economic perspectives for renewable-based hybrid power system in Yemen. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;75:559-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajlan A., Tan Chee Wei, Abdilahi A.M. Assessment of environmental and economic perspectives for renewable-based hybrid power system in Yemen. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;75:559-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halabi L.M., Mekhilef S., Olitomiwa L. Performance analysis of hybrid PV/diesel/battery system using HOMER: а case study Sabah, Malaysia. Energy conversion and management. 2017;144:322-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halabi L.M., Mekhilef S., Olitomiwa L. Performance analysis of hybrid PV/diesel/battery system using HOMER: а case study Sabah, Malaysia. Energy conversion and management. 2017;144:322-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qolipour M., Mostafaeipour A., Tousi O.M. Techno-economic feasibility of a photovoltaic-wind power plant construction for electric and hydrogen production: а case study. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2017;78(С):113-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qolipour M., Mostafaeipour A., Tousi O.M. Techno-economic feasibility of a photovoltaic-wind power plant construction for electric and hydrogen production: а case study. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2017;78(С):113-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becerra M., Morán J., Cepeda F., Valenzuela M. Wind energy potential in Chile: assessment of a small scale wind farm for residential clients. Energy Conversion and Management. 2017;140:71-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becerra M., Morán J., Cepeda F., Valenzuela M. Wind energy potential in Chile: assessment of a small scale wind farm for residential clients. Energy Conversion and Management. 2017;140:71-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eltamaly A.M., Mohamed M.A., Al-Saud M.S., Alolah A.I. Load management as a smart grid concept for sizing and designing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Engineering Optimization. 2017;49(10):1813-1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1261246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eltamaly A.M., Mohamed M.A., Al-Saud M.S., Alolah A.I. Load management as a smart grid concept for sizing and designing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Engineering Optimization. 2017;49(10):1813-1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1261246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohamed M.A., Eltamaly A.M., Alolah A.I. Swarm intelligence-based optimization of grid-dependent hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;77:515-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohamed M.A., Eltamaly A.M., Alolah A.I. Swarm intelligence-based optimization of grid-dependent hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;77:515-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ansari M.S., Jalil M.F., Bansal R. A review of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems. International Journal of Modelling and Simulation. 2023;43(5):722-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/02286203.2022.2119524.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ansari M.S., Jalil M.F., Bansal R. A review of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems. International Journal of Modelling and Simulation. 2023;43(5):722-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/02286203.2022.2119524.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bansal A.K. Sizing and forecasting techniques in photovoltaic-wind based hybrid renewable energy system: а review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022;369:133376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bansal A.K. Sizing and forecasting techniques in photovoltaic-wind based hybrid renewable energy system: а review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022;369:133376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar P., Pal N., Sharma H. Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/ diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India. Energy. 2022;247:123560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar P., Pal N., Sharma H. Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/ diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India. Energy. 2022;247:123560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy M.L., Dahlben L.J., Isaacs J.A. Environmental assessment of single‐walled carbon nanotube processes. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2008;12(3):376-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy M.L., Dahlben L.J., Isaacs J.A. Environmental assessment of single‐walled carbon nanotube processes. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2008;12(3):376-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsoutsos T., Frantzeskaki N., Gekas V. Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies. Energy policy. 2005;33(3):289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00241-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsoutsos T., Frantzeskaki N., Gekas V. Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies. Energy policy. 2005;33(3):289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00241-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazir M.S., Mahdi A.J., Bilal M., Sohail H.M., Ali N., Iqbal H.M.N. Environmental impact and pollution-related challenges of renewable wind energy paradigm – a review. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;683:436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazir M.S., Mahdi A.J., Bilal M., Sohail H.M., Ali N., Iqbal H.M.N. Environmental impact and pollution-related challenges of renewable wind energy paradigm – a review. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;683:436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazir M.S., Ali N., Bilal M., Iqbal H. Potential environmental impacts of wind energy development: а global perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Science &amp; Health. 2020;13:85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2020.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazir M.S., Ali N., Bilal M., Iqbal H. Potential environmental impacts of wind energy development: а global perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Science &amp; Health. 2020;13:85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2020.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fearnside P.M. Environmental and social impacts of hydroelectric dams in Brazilian Amazonia: Implications for the aluminum industry. World development. 2016;77:48-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fearnside P.M. Environmental and social impacts of hydroelectric dams in Brazilian Amazonia: Implications for the aluminum industry. World development. 2016;77:48-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henning H.-M., Palzer A. A comprehensive model for the German electricity and heat sector in a future energy system with a dominant contribution from renewable energy technologies – Part I: Methodology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;30:1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2013.09.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henning H.-M., Palzer A. A comprehensive model for the German electricity and heat sector in a future energy system with a dominant contribution from renewable energy technologies – Part I: Methodology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;30:1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2013.09.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson M., Karney B. A scenario based approach to designing electricity grids with high variable renewable energy penetrations in Ontario, Canada: Development and application of the SILVER model. Energy. 2017;138:185- 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson M., Karney B. A scenario based approach to designing electricity grids with high variable renewable energy penetrations in Ontario, Canada: Development and application of the SILVER model. Energy. 2017;138:185- 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esteban M., Portugal-Pereira J. Post-disaster resilience of a 100% renewable energy system in Japan. Energy. 2014;68:756-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.045.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esteban M., Portugal-Pereira J. Post-disaster resilience of a 100% renewable energy system in Japan. Energy. 2014;68:756-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.045.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esen H., Inalli M., Esen M. A techno-economic comparison of ground-coupled and air-coupled heat pump system for space cooling. Building and environment. 2007;42(5):1955-1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esen H., Inalli M., Esen M. A techno-economic comparison of ground-coupled and air-coupled heat pump system for space cooling. Building and environment. 2007;42(5):1955-1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esen M., Yuksel T. Experimental evaluation of using various renewable energy sources for heating a greenhouse. Energy and Buildings. 2013;65:340-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esen M., Yuksel T. Experimental evaluation of using various renewable energy sources for heating a greenhouse. Energy and Buildings. 2013;65:340-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.06.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajan C.W., Ahmed S.S., Ahmad H.B., Taha F., Zin A.A.B.M. On the policy of photovoltaic and diesel generation mix for an off-grid site: East Malaysian perspectives. Solar Energy. 2003;74(6):453-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00228-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajan C.W., Ahmed S.S., Ahmad H.B., Taha F., Zin A.A.B.M. On the policy of photovoltaic and diesel generation mix for an off-grid site: East Malaysian perspectives. Solar Energy. 2003;74(6):453-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00228-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosseinalizadeh R., Shakouri G.H., Amalnick M.S., Taghipour P. Economic sizing of a hybrid (PV–WT–FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimization-simulation model: сase study of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;54:139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosseinalizadeh R., Shakouri G.H., Amalnick M.S., Taghipour P. Economic sizing of a hybrid (PV–WT–FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimization-simulation model: сase study of Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;54:139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gulagi A., Choudhary P., Bogdanov D., Breyer C. Electricity system based on 100% renewable energy for India and SAARC. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulagi A., Choudhary P., Bogdanov D., Breyer C. Electricity system based on 100% renewable energy for India and SAARC. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maleki A., Hafeznia H., Rosen M.A., Pourfayaz F. Optimization of a grid-connected hybrid solar-wind-hydrogen CHP system for residential applications by efficient metaheuristic approaches. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2017;123:1263-1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maleki A., Hafeznia H., Rosen M.A., Pourfayaz F. Optimization of a grid-connected hybrid solar-wind-hydrogen CHP system for residential applications by efficient metaheuristic approaches. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2017;123:1263-1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mason I.G., Page S.С., Williamson A.G. A 100% renewable electricity generation system for New Zealand utilising hydro, wind, geothermal and biomass resources. Energy policy. 2010;38(8):3973-3984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mason I.G., Page S.С., Williamson A.G. A 100% renewable electricity generation system for New Zealand utilising hydro, wind, geothermal and biomass resources. Energy policy. 2010;38(8):3973-3984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridha H.M., Gomes C., Hazim H., Ahmadipour M. Sizing and implementing off-grid stand-alone photovoltaic/battery systems based on multi-objective optimization and techno-economic (MADE) analysis. Energy. 2020;207:118163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridha H.M., Gomes C., Hazim H., Ahmadipour M. Sizing and implementing off-grid stand-alone photovoltaic/battery systems based on multi-objective optimization and techno-economic (MADE) analysis. Energy. 2020;207:118163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaabeche A., Diaf S., Ibtiouen R. Firefly-inspired algorithm for optimal sizing of renewable hybrid system considering reliability criteria. Solar Energy. 2017;155:727-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaabeche A., Diaf S., Ibtiouen R. Firefly-inspired algorithm for optimal sizing of renewable hybrid system considering reliability criteria. Solar Energy. 2017;155:727-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guezgouz M., Jurasz J., Bekkouche B., Ma Tao, Javed M.S., Kies A. Optimal hybrid pumped hydro-battery storage scheme for off-grid renewable energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019;199:112046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guezgouz M., Jurasz J., Bekkouche B., Ma Tao, Javed M.S., Kies A. Optimal hybrid pumped hydro-battery storage scheme for off-grid renewable energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019;199:112046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliston B., Diesendorf M., MacGill I. Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National electricity market. Energy Policy. 2012;45:606-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliston B., Diesendorf M., MacGill I. Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National electricity market. Energy Policy. 2012;45:606-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Østergaard P.A. Reviewing EnergyPLAN simulations and performance indicator applications in EnergyPLAN simulations. Applied Energy. 2015;154:921-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.086.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Østergaard P.A. Reviewing EnergyPLAN simulations and performance indicator applications in EnergyPLAN simulations. Applied Energy. 2015;154:921-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.086.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
