<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ipolytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">iPolytech Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>iPolytech Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-4004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-6341</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Irkutsk National Research Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21285/1814-3520-2021-2-264-279</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ipolytech-482</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТАЛЛУРГИЯ И МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Повышение эффективности карботермического восстановления красного шлама при обработке микроволнами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Improving the efficiency of the carbothermal reduction of red mud by microwave treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халифа</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalifa</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халифа Ахмед Абделазим Элсайед Ибрагим Абду - аспирант.</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия В.О., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ahmed A. Khalifa - Ph.D. student.</p><p>2, 21st Line, St. Petersburg 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">engahmedkhalifa2@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажин</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhin</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бажин Владимир Юрьевич - доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой автоматизации технологических процессов и производств.</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия В.О., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Yu. Bazhin - Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production.</p><p>2, 21st Line, St. Petersburg 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bazhin-alfoil@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалаби</surname><given-names>М.Э.-М. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalabi</surname><given-names>M.E.-М.К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шалаби Мохамед Эль Меншауй Хуссейн - профессор, доктор технических наук.</p><p>11421, Каир, Хелуан, пос. Эль-Таббин, ул. Эльфелезат, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohammed E.-М.Н. Shalabi - Professor, Dr. Sci. (Eng.),</p><p>1, Elfelezat St., El-Tebbin, Helwan, Cairo 11421</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mehshalabi@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдельмонейм</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdelmoneim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдельмонейм Ахмед - аспирант.</p><p>FI-90014, Оулу, р-н Линнанмаа, ул. Пентти Кайтеран кату, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ahmed Abdelmoneim - Ph.D. student.</p><p>Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, FI-90014, Oulu</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ahmed.abdelmonem@oulu.fi</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омран</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omran</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омран Мамдух - доцент исследовательская группа технологической металлургии.</p><p>FI-90014, Оулу, р-н Линнанмаа, ул. Пентти Кайтеран кату, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mamdouh Omran - Associate Professor of the Process Metallurgy Research Group.</p><p>Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, FI-90014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mamdouh.omran@oulu.fi</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт Петербургский горный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Mining University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский металлургический институт</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Metallurgical Research Institute</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Оулу</institution><country>Финляндия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Oulu</institution><country>Finland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>264</fpage><lpage>279</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Халифа А.А., Бажин В.Ю., Шалаби М., Абдельмонейм А., Омран М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Халифа А.А., Бажин В.Ю., Шалаби М., Абдельмонейм А., Омран М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khalifa A.A., Bazhin V.Y., Shalabi M., Abdelmoneim A., Omran M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/482">https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/482</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью работы явилось изучение влияния микроволновой обработки брикетов, состоящих из красного шлама с содержанием более 48% Fe, на процессы восстановления железа при различных условиях термообработки. Объектом исследований явились образцы красного шлама, образующегося при получении глинозема из бокситов на Уральском алюминиевом заводе. Исследование химического состава образцов шлама проводили с помощью рентгенофлюоресцентного анализа. Состав исходного шлама и полученных агломератов после обработки в микроволновой и муфельной печах изучали рентгеноструктурным методом. Фазовые переходы и структурные изменения в ходе нагрева образцов исследовали при помощи сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Экспериментальные брикеты, состоящие из красного шлама и древесного угля, подвергались обработке при 850°C и 1000°C в микроволновой печи (с частотой 2,45 ГГц и мощностью 900 В). Для сравнения брикеты аналогичного состава термообрабатывались в муфельной печи при тех же условиях. Установлено, что при микроволновом нагреве до 1000°C в течение 10 мин гематит полностью восстанавливается до металлического железа при добавлении вюстита. Анализ микроструктуры образцов после микроволновой обработки показал, что частицы металлического железа в образующихся окатышах-агломератах имеют больший размер, чем в образцах после традиционного термонагрева в муфельной печи. Металлизированные фазы восстановленного железа в конце термообработки в микроволновой печи создают устойчивый прочный каркас агломератов. Научно обоснованные параметры процесса могут стать основой создания технологии переработки красного шлама, являющегоя техногенным сырьем. Полученные высокопрочные окатыши из красного шлама с содержанием восстановленного железа (до 85%) могут стать альтернативным шихтовым материалом для черной металлургии. Внедрение предлагаемой технологии переработки красного шлама в окатыши-агломераты, востребованой в различных отраслях промышленности, позволит снизить экологическую нагрузку на производственные территории глиноземного производства.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this work, we studied the effect of microwave treatment of red mud briquettes containting more than 48% of Fe on the process of iron reduction under various conditions of heat treatment. Research samples were collected from red mud formed during the production of alumina from bauxite at the Ural Aluminum Smelter. The chemical composition of mud samples was examined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The composition of initial mud and that of agglomerates obtained after treatment in microwave and muffle furnaces was studied using the X-ray diffraction method. Phase transitions and structural changes occurring under the effect of heating were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental briquettes comprising red mud and charcoal were treated at 850°C and 1000°C in a microwave furnace (under the frequency of 2.45 GHz and the power of 900 W). For reference, briquettes of analogous composition were heat-treated in a muffle furnace under the same conditions. It was found that, under the conditions of microwave heating to 1000°C for 10 min, hematite is completely reduced to metallic iron after the addition of wustite. An analysis of the m i-crostructure of the samples after microwave treatment showed that the particles of metallic iron in the as-obtained pellet-agglomerates have a larger size than in those after conventional thermal heating in a muffle furnace. The metallized phases of reduced iron at the end of heat treatment in a microwave furnace create a stable durable body of agglomerates. The evidence-based parameters of the process can become a basis for designing a technology for recycling such an industrial material as red mud. The obtained high-strength pellets from red mud with a high content of reduced iron (up to 85%) may be used as an alternative charge material for ferrous metallurgy. The proposed technology for recycling red mud into pellet-agglomerates can be applied in various industries to reduce environmental impact on the production areas of alumina plants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>красный шлам</kwd><kwd>микроволновое излучение</kwd><kwd>древесный уголь</kwd><kwd>гематит</kwd><kwd>карботермическое восстановление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>red mud</kwd><kwd>microwave radiation</kwd><kwd>charcoal</kwd><kwd>hematite</kwd><kwd>carbothermic reduction</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследовательской металлургической группе технологического факультета Университет Оулу (Финляндия) и Министерству науки и культуры (Египет) за финансовую поддержку на выполнение данной исследовательской работы</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">We are grateful to the Process Metallurgy Research Group of the Technology Faculty of the University of Oulu (Finland) and the Cultural Affairs and Mission Sector (Egypt) for their financial support for performing the present research work</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халифа А.А., Утков В.А., Бричкин В.Н. Влияние красного шлама на предотвращение полиморфизма двухкальциевого силиката и саморазрушение агломерата // Вестник Иркутского государственного технического университета. 2020. Т. 24. № 1. С. 231-240. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-1-231-240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalifa AA, Utkov VA, Brichkin VN. Red mud effect on dicalcium silicate polymorphism and sinter self-destruction prevention. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2020;24(1 ):231 -240. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-1-231-240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бричкин В.Н., Дубовиков О.А., Николаева Н.В., Беседин А.А. Обезвоживание красного шлама и основные направления его переработки // Обогащение руд. 2014. № 1. С. 44-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brichkin VN, Dubovikov OA, Nikolaeva NV, Besedin AA. Red mud dewatering and basic trends in its recycling. Obogashcheniye rud. 2014;1:44-48. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беседин А.А., Утков В.А., Бричкин В.Н., Сизяков В.М. Агломерационное спекание красных шламов // Обогащение руд. 2014. № 2. С. 28-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besedin AA, Utkov VA, Brichkin VN, Sizyakov VM. Red mud sintering. Obogashcheniye rud. 2014;2:28-31. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piirainen V.Y., Boeva A.A., Nikitina T.Y. Application of new materials for red mud immobilization // Key Engineering Materials. 2020. № 854. P. 182-188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piirainen VY, Boeva AA, Nikitina TY. Application of new materials for red mud immobilization. Key Engineering Materials. 2020;854:182-188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушко В.Л., Дашко Р.Э., Кусков В.Б., Клямко А.С. Технология «холодного» брикетирования богатых руд Яковлевского месторождения // Записки Горного института. 2011. Т. 190. С. 133-137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushko VL, Dashko RE, Kuskov VB, Klyamko AS. Technology of “cold” briquetting of rich ores of the Ja-kovlevsky deposit. Zapiski Gornogo Instituta = Journal of Mining Institute. 2011;190:133-137. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akcil A., Akhmadiyeva N., Abdulvaliyev R., Abhilash, Meshram P. Overview on extraction and separation of rare earth elements from red mud: focus on Scandium // Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2018. Vol. 39. Iss. 3. P. 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1288116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akcil A, Akhmadiyeva N, Abdulvaliyev R, Abhilash, Meshram P. Overview on extraction and separation of rare earth elements from red mud: focus on Scandium. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy	Review. 2018;39(3): 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1288116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dmitriev A. The comprehensive utilisation of red mud utilisation in blast furnace // Metallurgical Solid Waste / ed. Yingyi Zhang. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dmitriev A. The comprehensive utilisation of red mud utilisation in blast furnace. In: Zhang Yingyi (ed.). Metallurgical Solid Waste.	2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Xianlin, Luo Yanhong, Chen Tiejun, Zhu Deqing. Enhancing the reduction of high-aluminum iron ore by synergistic reducing with high-manganese iron ore // Metals. 2019. Vol. 9. Iss. 15. P. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Xianlin, Luo Yanhong, Chen Tiejun, Zhu Deqing. Enhancing the reduction of high-aluminum iron ore by synergistic reducing with high-manganese iron ore. Metals. 2019;9(15):1 -12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пягай И.Н., Кожевников В.Л., Пасечник Л.А., Скачков В.М. Переработка отвального шлама глиноземного производства с извлечением скандиевого концентрата // Записки Горного Института. 2016. Т. 218. С. 225-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyagay IN, Kozhevnikov VL, Pasechnik LA, Skachkov VM. Processing of alumina production red mud with recovery of scandium concentrate. Zapiski Gornogo Instituta = Journal of Mining Institute. 2016;218:225-232. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pontikes Y., Angelopoulos G.N. Bauxite residue in cement and cementitious applications: current status and a possible way forward // Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2013. Vol. 73. P. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pontikes Y, Angelopoulos GN. Bauxite residue in cement and cementitious applications: current status and a possible way forward. Resources, Conservation and Recycling.	2013;73:53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paramguru R.K., Rath P.C., Misra V.N. Trends in red mud utilization - a review // Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2005. Vol. 26. Iss. 1. P. 1 -29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500490477603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paramguru RK, Rath PC, Misra VN. Trends in red mud utilization - a review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2005;26(1): 1 -29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500490477603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rai S., Wasewar K.L., Mukhopadhyay J., Yoo C., Uslu H. Neutralization and utilization of red mud for its better waste management // Archives of Environmental Science. 2012. Vol. 6. P. 13-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rai S, Wasewar KL, Mukhopadhyay J, Yoo C, Uslu H. Neutralization and utilization of red mud for its better waste management. Archives of Environmental Science. 2012;6:13-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garg A, Yadav H. Study of red mud as an alternative building material for interlocking block manufacturing in construction industry // International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Study. 2015. Vol. 3. Iss. 4. P. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2015.3.4.295-300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garg A, Yadav H. Study of red mud as an alternative building material for interlocking block manufacturing in construction industry. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Study. 2015;3(4):295-300. https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2015.3.4.295-300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушко В.Л., Кусков В.Б., Кускова Я.В. Комплексная переработка богатых железных руд // Обогащение руд. 2014. № 1. P. 39-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushko VL, Kuskov VB, Kuskova YV. Integrated processing of highigrade iron ores. Obogashcheniye rud. 2014;1:39-43. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuskova Y.V., Kuskov V.B. Development of technology for the production of natural red iron oxide pigments // Inzynieria Mineralna. 2017. № 1. Р. 217-220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuskova YV, Kuskov VB. Development of technology for the production of natural red iron oxide pigments. Inzynieria Mineralna = Journal of the Polish Mineral Engineering. 2017;1:217-220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal S., Rayapudi V., Dhawan N. Extraction of iron values from red mud // Materials Today: Proceedings. 2018. Vol. 5. Iss. 9. Part 1. P. 17064-17072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal S, Rayapudi V, Dhawan N. Extraction of iron values from red mud. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2018;5(9-1 ):17 064-17 072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.1 13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal S., Rayapudi V., Dhawan N. Microwave reduction of red mud for recovery of iron values // Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2018. Vol. 4. Iss. 3. P. 427-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-018-0183-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal S, Rayapudi V, Dhawan N. Microwave reduction of red mud for recovery of iron values. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2018;4(3):427-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-018-0183-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trushko V.L., Utkov V.A., Sivushov A.A. Reducing the environmental impact of blast furnaces by means of red mud from alumina production // Steel in Translation. 2017. Vol. 47. No. 8. P. 576-578. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091217080149</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushko VL, Utkov VA, Sivushov AA. Reducing the environmental impact of blast furnaces by means of red mud from alumina production. Steel in Translation. 2017;47(8):576-578. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091217080149</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiryaeva E.V., Podgorodetskiy G.S., Malysheva T.Yа., Detkova T.V., Gorbunov V.B. Influence of lowalkali red mud on the composition and structure of sintering batch consisting of heterogeneous iron ore concentrates // Steel in Translation. 2014. Vol. 44. No. 9. P. 625-628. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091214090150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiryaeva EV, Podgorodetskiy GS, Malysheva TYa, Detkova TV, Gorbunov VB. Influence of lowalkali red mud on the composition and structure of sintering batch consisting of heterogeneous iron ore concentrates. Steel in Translation. 2014;44(9):625-628. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091214090150</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушко В.Л., Утков В.А. Разработка импортозамещающих технологий повышения производительности агломерационных машин и прочности агломератов // Записки Горного Института. 2016. Т. 221. С. 675-680. https://doi.org/10.18454/pmi.2016.5.675</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushko VL, Utkov VA. Development of import substituting technologies for increasing productivity of sintering machines and strength of agglomerates. Zapiski Gornogo Instituta = Journal of Mining Institute. 2016;221:675-680. https://doi.org/10.18454/pmi.2016.5.675</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Podgorodetskiy G., Gorbunov V., Panov A., Petrov S., Gorbachev S. Complex additives on the basis of red mud for intensification of iron-ore sintering and pelletizing // Light Metals / ed. M. Hyland. 2015. P. 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119093435.ch20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podgorodetskiy G, Gorbunov V, Panov A, Petrov S, Gorbachev S. Complex additives on the basis of red mud for intensification of ironore sintering and pelletizing. In: Hyland M (ed.). Light Metals; 2015, p. 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119093435.ch20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar R., Srivastava J.P., Premchand. Utilization of iron values of red mud for metallurgical applications // Environmental and Waste Management / eds. A. Ban-dopadhyay, N.G. Goswami, P.R. Rao. Jamshedpur: National Metallurgical Laboratory, 1998. Р. 108-119. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2077.7446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar R, Srivastava JP, Premchand. Utilization of iron values of red mud for metallurgical applications. In: Bandopadhyay A, Goswami NG, Rao PR (eds.). Environmental and Waste Management. Jamshedpur: National Metallurgical Laboratory; 1998, p. 108-119. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2077.7446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balomenos E., Panias D. Iron recovery and production of high added value products from the metallurgical byproducts of primary aluminium and ferronickel industries // 3rd International Slag Valorisation Symposium (Leuven, 19-20 March 2013). Leuven, 2013. P. 161-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balomenos E, Panias D. Iron recovery and production of high added value products from the metallurgical byproducts of primary aluminium and ferronickel industries. In: 3rd International Slag Valorisation Symposium. 19-20 March 2013, Leuven. Leuven; 2013, p. 161-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Branca T.A., Colla V., Algermissen D., Granbom H., Martini U., Morillon A., Pietruck R., Rosendahl S. Reuse and recycling of by-products in the steel sector: Recent achievements paving the way to circular economy and industrial symbiosis in europe // Metals. 2020. Vol. 10. Iss. 3. Р. 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branca TA, Colla V, Algermissen D, Granbom H, Martini U, Morillon A, Pietruck R, Rosendahl S. Reuse and recycling of by-products in the steel sector: Recent achievements paving the way to circular economy and industrial symbiosis in Europe. Metals. 2020;10(3):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadangi J.K., Das S.P., Tripathy A., Biswal S. K. Investigation into recovery of iron values from red mud dumps // Separation Science and Technology. 2018. Vol. 53. Iss. 14. P. 2186-2191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1446984</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadangi JK, Das SP, Tripathy A, Biswal S. K. Investigation into recovery of iron values from red mud dumps. Separation Science and Technology. 2018;53(14):2186-2191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1446984</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Утков В.А., Леонтьев Л.И. Повышение прочности агломератов и окатышей при помощи бокситового красного шлама // Сталь. 2005. Т. 9. С. 2-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utkov VA, Leontiev LI. Increasing the strength of agglomerates and pellets with bauxite red mud. Stal’. 2005;9:2-4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S., Gupta D., Jain V., Sharma A.K. Microwave processing of materials and applications in manufacturing industries: A Review // Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2015. Vol. 30. Iss. 1. P. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.952028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S, Gupta D, Jain V, Sharma AK. Microwave processing of materials and applications in manufacturing industries: A Review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2015;30(1): 1 -29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.952028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones D.A., Lelyveld T.P., Mavrofidis S.D., Kingman S. W., Miles, N.J. Microwave heating applications in environmental engineering - A review // Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2002. Vol. 34. Iss. 2. P. 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00088-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones DA, Lelyveld TP, Mavrofidis SD, Kingman SW, Miles,	NJ.	Microwave	heating	applications in environmental engineering - a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling.	2002;34(2):75-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00088-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishioka K., Taniguchi T., Ueki Y., Ohno K-I., Maeda T. , Shimizu M. Gasification and reduction behavior of plastics and iron ore mixtures by microwave heating // ISIJ International. 2007. Vol. 47. Iss. 4. P. 602-607. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.602</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishioka K, Taniguchi T, Ueki Y, Ohno K-I, Maeda T, Shimizu M. Gasification and reduction behavior of plastics and iron ore mixtures by microwave heating. ISIJ International. 2007;47(4):602-607. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.602</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das S., Mukhopadhyay A.K., Datta S., Basu D. Prospects of microwave processing: An overview // Bulletin of Materials Science. 2009. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. P. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0001-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Datta S, Basu D. Prospects of microwave processing: An overview. Bulletin	of	Materials	Science.	2009;32(1): 1 -13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0001-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo Sheng-hui, Chen Guo, Peng Jin-hui, Chen Jin, Li Dong-bo, Liu Li-jun. Non-isothermal microwave leaching kinetics and absorption characteristics of primary titanium-rich materials // Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2010. Vol. 20. Iss. 4. P. 721-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60204-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo Sheng-hui, Chen Guo, Peng Jin-hui, Chen Jin, Li Dong-bo, Liu Li-jun. Non-isothermal microwave leaching kinetics and absorption characteristics of primary titanium-rich materials. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2010;20(4):721 -726. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60204-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Omran M., Fabritius T. Improved removal of zinc from blast furnace sludge by particle size separation and microwave heating // Minerals Engineering. 2018. Vol. 127. P. 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.08.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omran M, Fabritius T. Improved removal of zinc from blast furnace sludge by particle size separation and microwave heating. Minerals Engineering. 2018;127:265-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.08.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bykov Yu.V., Rybakov K.I., Semenov V.E. High-temperature microwave processing of materials // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2001. Vol. 34. P. R55-R75. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/13/201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov YuV, Rybakov KI, Semenov VE. High-temperature microwave processing of materials. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2001;34:R55-R75. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/13/201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark D.E., Folz D.C., West J.K. Processing materials with microwave energy // Materials Science and Engineering A. 2000. Vol. 287. No. 2. P. 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00768-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark DE, Folz DC, West JK. Processing materials with microwave energy. Materials Science and Engineering A.	2000;287(2):153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00768-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veres J., Lovas M., Hredzak S., Zubrik A., Dolinska S., Skrmsky J. Application of microwave energy in waste treatment // Inzynieria Mineralna. 2017. Vol. 2017. Iss. 1. P. 39-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veres J, Lovas M, Hredzak S, Zubrik A, Dolinska S, Sknnsky J. Application of microwave energy in waste treatment. Inzynieria Mineralna = Journal of the Polish Mineral Engineering. 2017;2017(1 ):39-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal D. Latest global developments in microwave materials processing // Materials Research Innovations. 2010. Vol. 14. Iss. 1. P. 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1179/143307510X12599329342926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal D. Latest global developments in microwave materials processing. Materials Research Innovations. 2010; 14(1):3-8. https://doi.org/10.1179/143307510X12599329342926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Geassy A.A., Halim K.S.A., Bahgat M., Mousa E.A., El-Shereafy E.E., El-Tawil A.A. Carbothermic reduction of Fe2O3/C compacts: Comparative approach to kinetics and mechanism // Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 2013. Vol. 40. Iss. 7. P. 534-544. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281212Y.0000000076</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Geassy AA, Halim KSA, Bahgat M, Mousa EA, El-Shereafy EE, El-Tawil AA. Carbothermic reduction of Fe2O3/C compacts: Comparative approach to kinetics and mechanism. Ironmaking and	Steelmaking. 2013;40(7):534-544. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281212Y.0000000076</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aune R.E., Seetharaman S. Thermodynamic aspects of metals processing // Fundamentals of metallurgy // ed. S. Seetharaman. England: ED, 2005. Р. 38-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aune RE, Seetharaman S. Thermodynamic aspects of metals processing. In: Seetharaman S. (ed.). Fundamentals of metallurgy. England: ED; 2005, p. 38-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haque K.E. Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes - a brief review // International Journal of Mineral Processing. 1999. Vol. 57. P. 1-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haque KE. Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes - a brief review. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 1999;57:1-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinenko V. The role of hydrocarbons in the global energy agenda: the focus on liquefied natural gas // Resources. 2020. Vol. 9. Iss. 59. Р. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinenko V. The role of hydrocarbons in the global energy agenda: the focus on liquefied natural gas.	Resources.	2020;9(59): 1 -22. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinenko V.S. Digital economy as a factor in the technological development of the mineral sector // Natural Resources Research. 2020. Vol. 29. No. 3. P. 1521 -1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09568-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinenko VS. Digital economy as a factor in the technological development of the mineral sector. Natural Resources Research. 2020;29(3):1521-1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09568-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
