<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ipolytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">iPolytech Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>iPolytech Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-4004</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-6341</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Irkutsk National Research Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21285/1814-3520-2020-5-1007-1018</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ipolytech-432</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MACHINE BUILDING AND MACHINE SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка анизотропии механических свойств листового проката из углеродистой стали</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of anisotropy of mechanical properties of carbon steel flat products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипок</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipok</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осипок Татьяна Викторовна, аспирант</p><p>664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Osipok, Postgraduate Student</p><p>83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk 664074 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osipok_tv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайдес</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaides</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зайдес Семен Азикович, доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой машиностроительных технологий и материалов</p><p>664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semen A. Zaides, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Department of Machine-Building Technologies and Materials</p><p>83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk 664074 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zsa@istu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk National Research Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1007</fpage><lpage>1018</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Осипок Т.В., Зайдес С.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осипок Т.В., Зайдес С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Osipok T.V., Zaides S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/432">https://ipolytech.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/432</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – экспериментально установить влияние неоднородности материала на характеристики прочности (σв, σ0,2) и пластичности (δ) на примере листового стального проката. Проведено испытание на одноосное растяжение плоских образцов горячекатаного листа из сплава Ст3, вырезанных в трех направлениях относ ительно прокатки: вдоль, поперек и под углом 450. Установлена неоднородность структуры путем изучения поверхности изломов разрушенных образцов после испытания на растяжение, а также сделано металлографическое исследование и микромеханическое испытание (измерение микротвердости) сечений, параллельных поверхности изломов. В результате проведенного испытания на одноосное растяжение плоских образцов получены значения характеристик прочности (σв, σ0,2) и пластичности (δ). Анализ фрактограмм, микроструктуры и значений микротвердости материала позволил выявить структурную неоднородность, обусловленную наличием волокнистости и полосчатой феррито-перлитной структуры, ориентированной вдоль направления деформации, причиной образования которой явилось наличие ориентированных неметаллических включений – вытянутых пластичных сульфидов. В ходе работы установлено: исследуемый материал обладает анизотропией механических свойств и неоднородностью структуры. Значения предела прочности (σв) и предела текучести (σ0,2) уменьшаются от продольного направления к поперечному (относительно направления прокатки) и наоборот (от поперечного к продольному), вероятно, по причине: в первом случае – влияния неметаллических включений (пластичных сульфидов) и как следствие полосчатой феррито-перлитной структуры; во втором – влияния направления волокна. Значения относительного удлинения (δ) уменьшаются от продольного направления к направлению под углом 450 и затем увеличиваются к поперечному направлению в результате различного упрочнения материала в процессе пластической деформации, о чем свидетельствуют полученные значения микротвердости исследованных сечений и значения максимально приложенных нагрузок в ходе испытания на растяжение; полученные значения являются результатом, очевидно, влияния ориентации волокна относительно действующих максимальных растягивающих напряжений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the article is to establish experimentally the effect of material inhomogeneity on the characteristics of strength (σв, σ0.2) and plasticity (δ) on example of a rolled steel sheet. Uniaxial tensile testing was carried out on flat samples of hot-rolled sheet made of St3 alloy cut in three directions relative to rolling: along, across and at the angle of 450. The heterogeneity of structure was established by studying the fracture surface of the destroyed samples after tensile testing. A metallographic research and micromechanical testing (measurement of microhardness) of sections parallel to the fracture surface were carried out as well. The uniaxial tensile testing of flat samples resulted in obtaining the values of the characteristics of strength (σв, σ0.2) and plasticity (δ). The analysis of fracture patterns, microstructure and microhardness values of the material allowed to reveal the structural heterogeneity caused by the presence of fibrous ness and a banded ferrite-pearlite structure oriented along the deformation direction. The formation reason of the latter was the presence of oriented non-metallic inclusions - elongated plastic sulfides. The study determined that the material under investigation features the anisotropy of mechanical properties and structural heterogeneity. The values of the ultimate strength (σв) and yield strength (σ0.2) decrease from the longitudinal direction to the transverse direction (relative to the rolling direction) and vice versa (from the transverse to longitudinal direction) in the first case probably due to the influence of non-metallic inclusions (plastic sulfides) and, as a result, the banded ferrite-pearlite structure; in the second case due to the influence of fiber direction. The values of the relative elongation (δ) decrease from the longitudinal direction to the direction at an angle of 450 and then increase to the transverse direction as a result of different hardening of the material during plastic deformation. This is proved by the obtained microhardness values of the investigated sections and the values of the maximum applied loads during the tensile test. The obtained values are obviously the result of the influence of fiber orientation relative to the existing maximum tensile stresses.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анизотропия</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd><kwd>фрактограмма</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>неметаллические включения</kwd><kwd>структурная неоднородность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anisotropy</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>fracture pattern</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>non-metallic inclusions</kwd><kwd>structural inhomogeneity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerda F.C., Goulas C., Sabirov I., Papaefthymiou S., Monsalve A., Petrov R.H. Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties in a Low Carbon Steel after Ultrafast Heating // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2016. Vol. 672. P. 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerda FC, Goulas C, Sabirov I, Papaefthymiou S, Monsalve A, Petrov RH. Micro-structure, Texture and Mechanical Properties in a Low Carbon Steel after Ultrafast Heating. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2016;672:108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Omale J.I., Ohaeri E.G., Tiamiyu A.A., Eskandari М., Mostafijur K.M., Szpunar J.A. Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of X70 Pipeline Steel after Different Thermomechanical Treatments // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017. Vol. 703. P. 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.086</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omale JI, Ohaeri EG, Tiamiyu AA, Eskandari М, Mostafijur KM, Szpunar JA. Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of X70 Pipeline Steel after Different Thermomechanical Treatments. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017;703:477–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.086</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобанов М.Л., Русаков Г.М., Пышминцев И.Ю., Данилов С.В., Пастухов В.И., Урцев В.Н. [и др.]. Формирование кристаллографической текстуры в стальных изделиях при сдвиговых фазовых превращениях // Актуальные проблемы физического металловедения сталей и сплавов: материалы XXIV Уральской школы металловедов-термистов (Магнитогорск, 19–23 марта 2018 г.). Магнитогорск: Изд-во Магнитогорск. гос. техн. ун-та им. Г.И. Носова, 2018. С. 16–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobanov ML, Rusakov GM, Pyshmintsev IY, Danilov SV, Pastukhov VI, Urtsev VN, et al. Making Crystallographic Texture in Steel Products with Phase Shift Transformations. In: Aktual'nye problemy fizicheskogo metallovedeniya stalei i splavov: materialy XXIV Ural'skoi shkoly metallovedovtermistov = Current Issues of Steel and Alloy Physical Metallurgy: Proceedings of XXIV Ural School of Metal Physicists-Thermal Engineers. 19–23 Мarсh 2018, Magnitogorsk. Magnitogorsk: Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University; 2018, p. 16–18. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Xiaofeng, Guo Mingxing, Zhang Yan, Xing Hui, Li Yong, Luo Jinru, et al. The Dependence of Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Al–Mg– Si–Cu Alloy Sheet on Final Cold Rolling Deformation. // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016. Vol. 657. P. 906–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Xiaofeng, Guo Mingxing, Zhang Yan, Xing Hui, Li Yong, Luo Jinru, et al. The Dependence of Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Al–Mg– Si–Cu Alloy Sheet on Final Cold Rolling Deformation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016;657:906–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузанов М.П., Степанов С.И. Исследование анизотропии механических свойств трансформаторной стали в холоднокатаном состоянии // Материалы XVIII Международной научно-технической Уральской школы-семинара металловедов-молодых ученых (г. Екатеринбург, 21–23 ноября 2017 г.). Екатеринбург: Издво УрФУ, 2017. С. 562–566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzanov MP, Stepanov SI. Mechanical Properties Anisotropy Research of Cold Rolled Transformer Steel. In: Materialy XVIII Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi Ural'skoi shkoly-seminara metallovedov-molodykh uchenykh = Proceedings of XVIII International Scientific and Technical Ural School-Seminar of Metal PhysicistsYoung Scientists. 21–23 November 2017, Ekaterinburg. Ekaterinburg: Ural Federal University; 2017, p. 562–566. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова Е.Ф., Мостяев И.В., Акинина М.В. Сравнительный анализ анизотропии механических свойств и микроструктуры деформированных полуфабрикатов из высокопрочных магниевых сплавов c РЗЭ // Труды ВИАМ. 2018. № 5. С. 24–32. https://doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-5-24-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova EF, Mostyaev IV, Akinina MV. Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties Anisotropy and Microstructure of Semi-Finished Products from High-Strength Magnesium Alloys with REE. Trudy VIAM = Proceedings of VIAM. 2018;5:24–32. https://doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-5-24-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костиков И.Е., Кузнецов Е.Е., Матченко Н.М. Экспериментальное исследование пластической анизотропии листовых прокатных материалов из алюминиевых сплавов // Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия: Физика-математика. 2017. № 2. С. 64–71. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7251- 2017-2-64-71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostikov IE, Kuznetsov EE, Matchenko NM. Experimental Study of Plastic Anisotropy of Sheet-Rolled Aluminum Alloy Materials. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Fizika-matematika = Bulletin of the Moscow Region State University. Series: Physics and Mathematics. 2017;2:64–71. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7251-2017-2-64-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Hai-Tao, Li Hao-Ze, Li Hua-Long, Gao Fei, Liu GuoHuai, Luo Zhong-Han, et al. Effects of Rolling Temperature on Microstructure, Texture, Formability and Magnetic Properties in Strip Casting Fe-6.5 wt% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel // Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2015. Vol. 391. P. 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.04.105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Hai-Tao, Li Hao-Ze, Li Hua-Long, Gao Fei, Liu GuoHuai, Luo Zhong-Han, et al. Effects of Rolling Temperature on Microstructure, Texture, Formability and Magnetic Properties in Strip Casting Fe-6.5 wt% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2015;391:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.04.105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karparvarfard S.M.H., Shaha S.K., Behravesh S.B., Jahed H., Williams B.W. Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Behavior Characterization of Hot Forged Cast ZK60 Magnesium Alloy // Journal of Materials Science &amp; Technology. 2017. Vol. 33. Issue 9. P. 907–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.04.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karparvarfard SMH, Shaha SK, Behravesh SB, Jahed H, Williams BW. Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Behavior Characterization of Hot Forged Cast ZK60 Magnesium Alloy. Journal of Materials Science &amp; Technology. 2017;33(9):907–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.04.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Hai-Tao, Li Hua-Long, Wang Hui, Liu Yi, Gao Fei, An Ling-Zi, et al. Effects of Initial Microstructure and Texture on Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel // Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2016. Vol. 406. P. 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.01.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Hai-Tao, Li Hua-Long, Wang Hui, Liu Yi, Gao Fei, An Ling-Zi, et al. Effects of Initial Microstructure and Texture on Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2016;406:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.01.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren Chunhua, Zhang Xiaochuan, Ji Hongwei, Zhan Nan, Zhixia Qiao. Effect of Banded Morphology and Grain Size on the Tensile Behavior of Acicular Ferrite in HSLA Steel // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017. Vol. 705. Р. 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren Chunhua, Zhang Xiaochuan, Ji Hongwei, Zhan Nan, Zhixia Qiao. Effect of Banded Morphology and Grain Size on the Tensile Behavior of Acicular Ferrite in HSLA Steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017;705:394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiaochuan Zhang, Yong Wang, Jia Yang, Zhixia Qiao, Chunhua Ren, Cheng Chen. Deformation Analysis of Ferrite/Pearlite Banded Structure under Uniaxial Tension using Digital Image Correlation // Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2016. Vol. 85. P. 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.04.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiaochuan Zhang, Yong Wang, Jia Yang, Zhixia Qiao, Chunhua Ren, Cheng Chen. Deformation Analysis of Ferrite/Pearlite Banded Structure under Uniaxial Tension using Digital Image Correlation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2016;85:24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.04.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анисович А.Г., Андрушевич А.А. Микроструктуры черных и цветных металлов. Минск: Белоруская навука, 2015. 132 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisovich AG, Andrushevich AA. Microstructures of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Minsk: Beloruskaya navuka; 2015, 132 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайдес С.А., Фам Д.Ф., Нго К.К. Новые процессы поверхностного пластического деформирования: монография. Иркутск: Изд-во ИРНИТУ, 2019. 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaides SA, Fam DF., Ngo KK. New Processes of Surface Plastic Deformation: Monograph. Irkutsk: Irkutsk National Research Technical University; 2019, 352 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайдес С.А. Охватывающее деформационное упрочнение маложестких валов // Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия. 2008. № 2. C. 3–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaides SA. The Wrap-Around Deformation Strengthening of Quill Shafts. Uprochnyayushchie tekhnologii i pokrytiya = Strengthening Technologies and Coatings. 2008;2:3–6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайдес С.А., Фам Д.Ф. Поверхностное пластическое деформирование поперечной обкаткой плоскими плитами // Упрочняющие технологии и покрытия. 2016. № 5. C. 6–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaides SA, Fam Dak Fyong. Surface Plastic Deformation by Transverse Burnishing with Flat Plates. Uprochnyayushchie tekhnologii i pokrytiya = Strengthening Technologies and Coatings. 2016;5:6– 12. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайдес С.А., Нгуен В.Х. Влияние параметров осциллирующего выглаживания на шероховатость упрочненных поверхностей // Вестник Иркутского государственного технического университета. 2017. Т. 21. № 4. С. 22–29. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2017-4-22-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaides SA, Nguyen Van Hinh. Oscillating Burnishing Parameters Effect on Hardened Surface Roughness. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta = Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2017;21;4:22–29. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2017-4-22-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильющенко А.Ф., Маркова Л.В., Чекан В.А., Фомихина И.В., Коледа В.В. Атлас производственных разрушений различных конструкций: монография. Минск: Белоруская навука, 2017. 313 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Il'yushchenko AF, Markova LV, Chekan VA, Fomikhina IV, Koleda VV. Atlas of Industrial Breakdowns of Various Structures. Minsk: Beloruskaya navuka; 2017, 314 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алифанов А.В., Андреев В.А., Антанович А.А., Асланян Н.С., Белоцерковский М.А., Белявин К.Е. [и др.]. Актуальные проблемы прочности. Витебск: Издво ВГТУ, 2018. 423 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alifanov AV, Andreev VA, Antanovich AA, Aslanyan NS, Belotserkovskii MA, Belyavin KE, et al. Relevant Issues of Strength. Vitebsk: Vitebsk State Technological University; 2018, 423 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анисович А.Г., Румянцева И.Н. Практика металлографического исследования материалов. Минск: Белоруская навука, 2013. 221 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisovich AG, Rumyantseva IN. Practice of Metallographic Research of Materials. Minsk: Beloruskaya navuka; 2013, 221 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
